Free Essays on Crito

In Plato’s Crito, Socrates has been condemned to death by the court of Athens and is being held until his execution. The Crito is the recorded record of the discussion among Socrates and his companion Crito, in which Crito is attempting to persuade Socrates that he should spare his life and getaway, while Socrates contends that he should remain and acknowledge his discipline. One of the contentions concerning the perspective that it is ethically directly for Socrates to escape from jail and spare his own life is the accompanying: 1.) Socrates is a parent. 2.) A parent has a duty to give and care to their kid. 3.) If a parent disregards this duty than the parent is putting the child’s security in danger. 4.) It is ethically off-base for an individual to put another person’s security into peril. 5.) If a parent is absent in their child’s life it is equivalent to the parent ignoring their obligation to give and care to the youngster. 6.) If Socrates doesn't escape from jail and is executed he will be dead. 7.) If Socrates is dead he won't be available in his children’s lives. 7.) Therefore it is ethically directly for Socrates to escape from jail. Straightforwardly restricting this contention is the contention of why it is ethically off-base for Socrates to escape from jail. 1.) It is ethically off-base for an individual to decide to do abhorrent over great. 2.) The laws are set up to advise individuals acceptable behavior legitimately and to keep up harmony and request inside a general public. 3.) It is ethically option to keep up request and harmony. 4.) Every resident is ethically required to observe the law to keep up request and harmony inside the city. 5.) Socrates is a resident of the city of Athens. 6.) Socrates was indicted and condemned to be executed by the Athenian strategies of the law. 7.) Accepting the disciplines given out by the law is equivalent to adhering to the law. 8.) Breaking the law is deciding to do detestable over great. 9.) If... Free Essays on Crito Free Essays on Crito In Plato’s Crito, Socrates has been condemned to death by the court of Athens and is being held until his execution. The Crito is the recorded record of the discussion among Socrates and his companion Crito, in which Crito is attempting to persuade Socrates that he should spare his life and departure, while Socrates contends that he should remain and acknowledge his discipline. One of the contentions concerning the perspective that it is ethically directly for Socrates to escape from jail and spare his own life is the accompanying: 1.) Socrates is a parent. 2.) A parent has a duty to give and care to their youngster. 3.) If a parent ignores this obligation than the parent is putting the child’s security in danger. 4.) It is ethically off-base for an individual to put another person’s security into risk. 5.) If a parent is absent in their child’s life it is equivalent to the parent disregarding their duty to give and care to the youngster. 6.) If Socrates doesn't escape from jail and is executed he will be dead. 7.) If Socrates is dead he won't be available in his children’s lives. 7.) Therefore it is ethically directly for Socrates to escape from jail. Straightforwardly restricting this contention is the contention of why it is ethically off-base for Socrates to escape from jail. 1.) It is ethically off-base for an individual to decide to do malicious over great. 2.) The laws are set up to advise individuals the proper behavior legitimately and to keep up harmony and request inside a general public. 3.) It is ethically option to keep up request and harmony. 4.) Every resident is ethically required to keep the law to keep up request and harmony inside the city. 5.) Socrates is a resident of the city of Athens. 6.) Socrates was indicted and condemned to be executed by the Athenian systems of the law. 7.) Accepting the disciplines given out by the law is equivalent to keeping the law. 8.) Breaking the law is deciding to do fiendish over great. 9.) If... Free Essays on Crito Logicians have existed since man could think unreservedly. Be that as it may, naturally they are questionable and frequently disdained or misjudged. Such is the situation with Socrates in Plato’s Crito. Due to his perspectives, Socrates has been tossed behind bars. During his preliminary in Athens he was indicted for the blamed wrongdoings by the law and condemned to death. Presently Socrates anticipates his passing in jail. The principal contention that Crito makes is that on the off chance that Socrates stays in jail, at that point it will think about seriously the entirety of his companions. In any case, Socrates answers that a man ought not stress over what others consider him. Or maybe they should stress over living admirably. While Crito attempts to convince Socrates to leave the jail with him, Socrates gives forward numerous reasons why it would not be right for him to leave the jail. Above all else there is a basic rule that the two of them must concur upon. Also, that will be that one can't battle insidious with detestable. When that is off the beaten path Socrates asks Crito, What is a man to do, â€Å"what he declares to be correct or what he knows is wrong?† Obviously the appropriate response is the thing that a man announces to be correct. Be that as it may, for this situation Socrates realizes he should challenge the courts choice, yet at what cost. For you see, Socrates has just broadcasted that malicious can't be battled with underhanded, and for him to be testing the courts he would mutilate Athens laws and customs. To do this would be equivalent to fouling up to the Athenian individuals. So as a general rule Socrates is trapped in a â€Å"catch 22.† Socrates likewise discloses that to hurt the laws is deny his citizenship. The laws have consistently existed and have controlled his life since before he was conceived. The laws likewise administered his training and day by day exercises. Truth be told he is a captive to the laws. Furthermore, as it is ill-advised for a captive to defy or strike his lord, Socrates can't hurt the laws, since they are on various planes of presence. Socrates additionally includes tha... Free Essays on Crito 1.) The Crito was composed by Plato, who described the discussion held among Crito and Socrates not long before his demise. Socrates was accused of the defilement of the young and was given a decision of outcast or demise. He picked demise, and Crito was not in any manner upbeat about his choice. Crito felt that Socrates had been wronged by the administration and should escape into oust. Socrates dissented, saying that reacting to detestable with underhanded isn't right. In the event that Socrates got away, he would do damage to society in general. By getting away from it could be viewed as him attempting to wreck the laws and thusly, the entire city by his activities, sabotaging the law. Socrates feels that â€Å"You should either convince it [the laws] or comply with its requests, and suffer peacefully whatever it trains you to endure†¦ (p.51)† as it were, Socrates feels that it isn't right to fight the laws of the city since it disturbs the general public, making them imagine that it’s alright to ignore laws and to dissent and be savage against them, at last destroying the auxiliary society. By getting away into oust, Socrates would be conflicting with his own way of thinking. Going into oust implies that he would be battling abhorrent with fiendish and that he isn't doing his part as a resident. Nonetheless, above all, Socrates feels that life does not merit living if the ethical piece of us is debased and that going into banish is doing moral damage. Socrates likewise realizes that he settled on the choice to stay in Athens which implies that he thinks the laws are simply and right. On the off chance that he felt they weren’t, he could have left and gone somewhere else whenever. Notwithstanding, he didn't; in this way he made an implicit understanding to comply with the laws through his citizenship, and to acknowledge his sentence of death that he himself picked. In the event that Socrates thought oust was the correct activity, he would’ve picked that as his sentence. He had a decision first and foremost, and there’s no turning around now. In the e vent that he went into banish now an... Free Essays on Crito Theory 1010-008 Crito and Euthyphro Crito The Crito appears to be planned to show the character of Socrates in two lights, one as the rationalist, and the other essentially as the productive member of society, who having been unjustifiably sentenced is eager to surrender his life in dutifulness to the laws of the State. The times of Socrates are attracting to an end. The deadly boat has been seen off Sunium. Time is valuable and Crito has come right off the bat so as to pick up his agree to design a break. Crito accepts, his companions, who can bear to help Socrates’ break to Thessely, or some other spot, can without much of a stretch achieve this. Crito will have no trouble in discovering companions in Thessaly and different spots, who might secure Socrates and welcome him to remain. Socrates is worried about the possibility that that Crito is being impacted by the assessments of the many. Socrates accepts that you should just esteem the assessments of the specialists. You don't go to a shoe sales rep with an inquiry concerning your wellbeing, similarly as you don’t get some information about the best shoe. â€Å"But why, my dear Crito, would it be a good idea for us to think about the assessment of the many? The most sensible individuals, to whom one should give more consideration, will accept that things were done as they were done.† Crito. â€Å"But do you see, Socrates, that the assessment of the many must be respected, as is obvious in your own case, since they can do the best detestable to any individual who has lost their great opinion.† Socrates. â€Å"I just wish, Crito, that they could; for then they could likewise do the best great, and that would be well. In any case, in all actuality, they can do neither great nor detestable: they can't make a man astute or make him stupid; and whatever they do is the consequence of possibility. (Plato: Five Dialogs 44c-e).† â€Å"One ought to follow the assessment of the shrewd (doctors and mentors) with respect to the wellbeing of the

Effects of globalization on supply chain management

Impacts of globalization on flexibly chain the board Official Summery This report assesses and examinations the impacts of globalization on flexibly chain the executives (SCM). then again it portrays the reconfiguration of business Further more it uncovers flexibly chain the executives with five distinct drivers and those are Production, Inventory, Location, Transportation and Information. Creation is first driver in gracefully chain the executives which portray Dell creation framework. Second driver in flexibly chain the board is Inventory, which has clarified with the assistance of Hewlett Packard. Where as third driver in gracefully chain the board is Location, which tells about Toyota, overall assembling activity. Transportation is fourth driver, which examined about FedEx. also, last driver in gracefully chain the board is Information, which has clarified by Procter Gamble. 1.GLOBALIZATION â€Å"Globalization is characterized as allowance of faith based expectations that cultivate a feeling of availability reliance and reconciliation on the planet network the towers of globalization are open exchange and fundamental common and lawful establishments that maintain individual and gathering rights while help social and monetary integration†(Christopher, 2005). Globalization is a set up a world network that is prosperous and lenient, and on process that upgrades and reinforces worldwide comprehension and improves the quality and adequacy of business, expert, and individual collaborations through unhindered access to world items, innovation, and data. â€Å"Globalization isn't interchangeable with exchange volume and fare benefits, it is a direction that tries to upgrade and reinforce worldwide understanding and viable business, expert and individual interactions† (Larsen, 2007). Normally question emerges in our brain what are the purposes behind globalization? An organization investigates worldwide creation for an assortment of reasons. While there are costs related with overseeing and working a worldwide association, numerous organizations seek after worldwide creation since it offers a few advantages (1-an) Access to less expensive work and activity costs is one of the most widely recognized purposes behind area creation offices abroad, work rates change impressively among countries. Consequently, for some particular kinds of creation exercises, it is less expensive for organizations to deliver abroad than to stretch out in their nations of origin. For some particular sorts of creation exercises, it is less expensive for organizations to deliver abroad than to grow in their nations of origin. For instance, many assembling offices have been set up in china and Bangladesh to exploit those nations, lower work costs. Correspondingly, many phone and web based client assistance focuses have been built up in India during late long stretches of lower working expenses. (1-b) Sometimes, organizations find their offices in another nation to gain admittance to the information and aptitudes of individuals in that nation. For instance, numerous data innovation based activities have as of late been built up in a few eastern European nations and in India as a result of the huge pool of profoundly talented specialists in those territories. It ought to be noticed that entrance to information and expertise doesn't really come at lower cost. Switzerland, Germany, and Japan are instances of nations where organizations find office to gain admittance to populaces who are exceptionally gifted in monetary administrations, designing and innovation, despite the fact that the work costs are higher. (1-c) Yet another purpose behind globalization of businesses includes access to assets, certain pieces of the world are wealthy in normal assets. For instance, a considerable lot of the minerals-situated in south American nations, which have a portion of the words biggest mining ventures. (1-d) Globalization additionally permits organizations access to new markets, by finding offices in new nations firms can advertise their items and administrations to another arrangement of clients. In this way, firms consistently search for development openings abroad. For instance, we can see the outlets of some well - realized America brands. For models McDonalds, Marriott, and Star bucks the world over. (1-e) Facilities at vital global areas can likewise diminish coordinations and dispersion cost. A remote area can turn into a center point for circulation of an organizations items to business sectors in the neighboring district. For instance, apple, Sony, and different gadgets makers work conveyance and warehousing offices at different vital areas in north America, Europe, Asia and the remainder of the world. (1-f) Sometimes firms find their offices globally to exploit charge and budgetary motivations gave by nearby governments. To empower improvement, many rising countries have set up sans â€Å"tax creation zones† inside their outskirts. The organizations working inside these zones get huge duty discounts and access to less expensive capital. For instance, the product advancement offices of numerous worldwide firms are situated in SEEPZ,(Santacruz hardware send out handling zone) Mumbai, India. on account of exceptionally appealing assessment motivating forces gave by the neighborhood government. (1-g) Finally, firms additionally find globally for political and industry-explicit reasons. For instance, by finding a creation office in a nation, giving business, and taking an interest in different network exercises, a firm can gradually become â€Å"local† as opposed to remain a â€Å"foreign† substance. For instance, Holden vehicles are ordinarily viewed as Australian, however they have been a piece of the general engines family since the 1920s. (2)RECONFIGURE Today, numerous worldwide organizations have reconfigured their flexibly chan. Their are numerous purposes for this, for example, advance ICT (data and correspondence innovation), expanded spotlight on advertise necessities, worldwide contention, improvement in universal trepidation transport framework, worldwide competition and so forth. Market prerequisites obliges the organizations to reconfigure their gracefully chains and expanded weight on an ideal opportunity to conveyance expects association to be in close instantaneousness to their customers, not really regarding physical separation, yet as far as time twenty four hours lead time requests world for instance, such kind of condition very ordinary in a few enterprises. so these conditions demonstrates that, association need to have reconfigure their circulation habitats structure so as to meet necessities. In barely any businesses, for instance electronic and vehicle ventures, the central organization requires stock near the ce ntral companys get together plants. then again, association are moving their assembling plants to minimal effort nations, so as to be more cost-effective. Further progressively, worldwide contention has constrained the associations to move their appropriation communities and assembling activities so as to be both cost proficient and serious. for instance, the greater part of the design and shoe ventures have moved their assembling plant toward East. As to industry, German vehicle produces has bit by bit moved to south Africa, Czech republic, Hungary, Poland. coordinations. Coordinations deferment features that couple of local dissemination place to single dispersion community to centralization of stock, until the real request got. full deferment is the postponement of assembling until the request got and after the get together procedure. At this stage, the completed products are transported by fast circulation to the clients. The altered items are dispatched legitimately to the clie nts. â€Å"Postponement of creation or coordinations is a methodology, which can be accomplish adaptability and fast reaction when tending to changes request. Creation deferment implies that measured segments are delivered by gauges, and afterward amassed, bundled or in any case finished at a point downstream in the gracefully chain, closer to the client. Model at the strategic focal point of a third party† (Shah, 2009). (3) SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT â€Å"Supply the executives is the coordination of creation, stock, area, transportation, data among the members in a flexibly chain to accomplish the best of responsiveness and productivity for the market being served† (Brindley,2005). Contrast between customary coordinations and gracefully chain the board Gracefully chain management    Traditional logisticsSupply chain the executives covers every single conventional movement and furthermore incorporates exercises, for example, client support, advancement, subsidizing, new product development,       Its focus on exercises like acquirement, circulation, upkeep, and stock managementSupply tie allude to mix of associations that facilitate their activities and work together to disperse a product, to commercial center. Conventional coordinations happens inside the limits of a solitary association (4) FIVE MAJOR SUPPLY CHAIN DRIVERS The correct blend of responsiveness and productivity in every one of these drivers permits a gracefully chain to â€Å"increase all through while at the same time diminishing stock and working expense† (Cohen,2005). (4.1) Production It is first driver is gracefully chain the executives. Creation is the quality of flexibly fasten in regards to developing and aggregating items. Creation administrations are distribution center and manufacturing plants. on the off chance that stockrooms and processing plants are worked with a great deal of abundance limit, at that point its become exceptionally simple to associations or organizations to react rapidly for clients request. Creation action covers producing, hardware shielding and quality control. From the above fig responsiveness versus productivity, obviously, creation demonstrates, which item ought to be produce? What amount need to delivered? What is showcase request? When ought to be delivered?. (Sheik, 2003) â€Å"Factories can be worked for assembling of item center, a manufacturing plant that takes an item focu

Walden Two by B.F. Skinner Essay Example for Free

Walden Two by B.F. Skinner Essay B. F Skinner distributed Walden Two out of 1948. The epic happens in the United States soon after the finish of World War II. Rodge Rogers, whose first name isn't given and Steve Jamnik became companions while serving in the military during the war. After the war, they find that it is hard to come back to an ordinary life, Jamnik and I resemble a great deal of other youngsters at this moment. We cannot make up our brains. We dont recognize what we need to do (Skinner, 1948, p. 7). While trying to discover the existence they need to lead they visit Professor Burris, one of Rodges previous teachers, to talk about his thoughts regarding perfect world. Incidentally Burris scarcely referenced the subject however at last reviews a kindred understudy he knew in graduate school named Frazier who had structured an idealistic network named Walden Two. Burris contacts Frazier and masterminds them three, just as Castle, an associate of Burris, Barbara Macklin, Rogers sweetheart, and Mary Grove, Jamniks sweetheart, to visit Walden Two (Skinner, 1948, pp. 7-15). At the point when they show up, Frazier shows them around the network and clarifies how it works. They meet a portion of its estimated 1,000 occupants. The individuals seem, by all accounts, to be upbeat. They live in public quarters, share dinners at common feasting corridors and offer the offices of the network. Every one of the grown-ups works around four hours every day to accommodate the requirements of the network. They are not paid a compensation since cash isn't utilized inside Walden Two. The individuals in jobs of initiative cautiously screen life in the network. On the off chance that there is proof proposing a change ought to be made for the communitys great, it is made and its results deliberately assessed (Skinner, 1948). During their three-day visit, Burris and the others experience the network way of life. Toward the finish of their visit, Steve Jamnik and Mary Grove love life at Walden Two so much the choose to remain. Rodge likewise loves the life there and needs to remain, however his sweetheart Barbara will not say so the two of them come back to society. Manor loves nothing about Walden Two and comes back to his ordinary way of life as a school educator. Educator Burris winds up captivated with life in the collective, yet chooses to come back to his scholarly life. Notwithstanding, when he is at the station, he adjusts his perspective and comes back to Walden Two to live and surrenders his life as a teacher. I discovered this book upsetting, in any event, compromising. As I read through the book, I wound up considering Orwells 1984 and Aldous Huxleys Brave New World. I felt like this despite the fact that 1984 wasnt distributed until a similar year as Walden Two so it couldnt have impacted Skinners composing, and Skinner expressly denies this with an unclear reference to Huxleys work, I guess you put phonographs in your quarters which rehash I like to work in sewers. Sewers are heaps of fun, said Castle. No, Walden Two isnt that sort of state-of-the-art existence, said Frazier. We dont propagandize' (Skinner, 1948, p. 53). In spite of the fact that Walden Two was an insolated network, there is an idle suggestion of development and attempting to change over society all in all to the Walden Two model. Manor contends with Frazier, Ill wager you have structures on the political hardware too . . . [youll] need to get the workplaces yourself, . . .. Indeed, [Frazier responds] I should concede youre right. . . . When were in the lion's share in any area, we will practice our privileges under a popularity based type of government and take control' (Skinner, 1948, p. 231). As upsetting as the idea of networks, for example, Walden Two assuming control over the administration is, this isnt truly what upsets me. All through the three-day visit, at whatever point anybody challenges Frazier about a point or questions something about the life in Walden Two, he generally has what feels like an impartial, practiced reaction. Frazier is suggestive of a trade-in vehicle sales reps who can avoid any analysis of the vehicle he is attempting to sell. He generally has an answer good to go that he conveys with a certainty and authority that seem to brush away the guests complaints as though they are unwarranted and irrelevant. It feels as though he is running a con game and the six guests are the imprints. As per Frazier Walden Two gives a perfect, fulfilling way of life. It gives the idea that the entirety of the requirements of Walden Twos occupants are given all that they need, they work just four hours out of every day, have amusement, and seem to have significantly more opportunity than individuals appreciate in the United States today. In spite of this confirmation, I would not have any desire to live there. What Frazier has done has expelled the distinctive individual from thought. There is a paternalistic quality that suggests the supervisors of Walden Two know best and the occupants should simply concur and appreciate the life there. As a result, Frazier/Skinner has decreased individuals to their fundamental reactions to both inside and outside improvements. Obviously this is exactly what Skinner, as a behaviorist, needs to do. As far as concerns me I like to consider myself a grown-up individual with an unrestrained choice who takes a functioning part in carrying on with his own life. I would prefer to accept this, regardless of whether it is off base, than to submit to Skinners theory regardless of whether his speculations were right. References Skinner, B. F. (1948). Walden Two. New York: Macmillan.

Alls Fair In Love And War Essay -- Argument Argumentative Morals Pape

Sometimes a bit of backstabbing deceit is called for The Political Realist's Argument Is war ever the set in stone activity? Political Realists guarantee that war is simply and allowable just when it is to the greatest advantage of a state. Further, they contend profound quality has no spot in deciding the legitimacy of war. In thinking about the authenticity of war, I will initially examine one primary contention on the side of 'Political Realism', after which I will evaluate the contention, which I gave on the side of political authenticity. Political Realists obviously express that war is satisfactory once it is in the state's wellbeing to do as such, and once entangled in a war, a country must utilize all strategies to guarantee that triumph is the final product (Morgenthau 14). They accept that war is a recalcitrant piece of a rebel world framework (War). What's more, that it should be depended on just on the off chance that it bodes well regarding national personal responsibility. While political authenticity is a mind boggling and profoundly created precept, Political Realists affirm that its center suggestions community on a solid dismissal of applying moral ideas to the lead of worldwide relations (Ibid). Political pragmatists revile applying profound quality while talking about the legitimacy of war for two principle reasons. Right off the bat, political pragmatists accept that lone a predominant and real universal definitive body can force an ethical framework upon all countries (Lauleta 2). Besides, pragmatists attest that there is no abrogating worldwide power that upholds a typical code of decides that apply to all country states (Ibid) Therefore, by temperance of tolerating these two fundamental premises; pragmatists battle that we ought not utilize profound quality as a factor in thinking about the authenticity of war. In contending th... ... We can obviously observe proof of this whereby nations submit to global laws. Accordingly, it is protected to state that we needn't bother with a world government to decide widespread profound quality in light of the fact that other world associations are equipped for building up regular sets of accepted rules and laws. We have investigated two counter contentions. Right off the bat, a sound judgment of profound quality among states doesn't require authority as a typical essential ethical quality, in spite of social decent variety, is natural in each individual. Also, states' support in global associations guarantees that a typical arrangement of rules deciding the legitimacy of war can be applied to all states. In this manner, when states co-work without a general legislative body, they can show up at some level of shared trait where universal law is concerned. Along these, taking everything into account, we can assess war dependent on moral issues.

Essay about a visual art Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

About a visual workmanship - Essay Example The comprehension of the artistic creation is, hence, all inclusive (Fiero, p. 45). The canvas was initially distinguished as crafted by Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco in 1500s. It was anyway after a genuine thought of the qualities of the compositions and related them to the works of art of the time, and history specialists have recognized that the canvas goes back to around 1485-87. The structure of the artistic creations has, thusly, been related with crafted by Sandro Botticelli. The artistic creation has a rich verifiable introduction that is put away in its plan and style. It delineates the breezes and the breezes that deliver Venus, the goddess of adoration who ascends from the ocean to the terrain (Fiero, p. 45). The Platonic view of Venus is found in two perspectives. To begin with, she is a natural goddess who made the physical excitement physical love and human warmth. Furthermore, she is additionally observed as the glorious goddess who rouses and creates scholarly love inside the individuals who perceive her. As indicated by the lessons of the Platonic Academy, the initiated thought of physical excellence and love builds the odds that the individual will comprehend profound magnificence. This infers Venus, being the goddess of adoration utilizes the physical fascination in lift the brain towards something more noteworthy. All things considered, the significance of this artistic creation has as of now been utilized by religion to portray that physical magnificence and fascination should lift minds towards the maker ((Frank, pp. 85-90). The Birth of Venus portrays Venus, conceived from the ocean and emerging as a bare sculpture that is coasting on a shell. From the West, Venus is passed up Zephyr, the West wind. The sprite, Chloris is at the shore arranged to dress Venus in a delightfully bloomed shelf. The craftsman utilizes a completely dedicated naturalism style in which he has utilized the utilization of room and portrayals of characteristic marvels, ocean, wind and blossoms to build the dream. The blowing of the breezes that

BOLO in Law Enforcement Code Be on the Lookout

BOLO in Law Enforcement Code Be on the Lookout For people who dont work in any field of law enforcement, you may have heard certain terms or phrases used by police officers and youve been wondering what they mean.Well, law enforcement has an entirely unique lingo; this is why you have no clue what theyre saying.One of the aims of this police jargon is to ensure a feeling of unity among officers and also to provide the best way of communication between them.These kinds of codes or police jargon began from the 1920s to 1960s, as radio communication between police officers became more rampant.This was because radio traffic needed to be kept low to ensure that communication lines dont get jammed.However, in contemporary times with the advancement in technology, most of these terms used in police lingo are to quickly spread useful information about a criminal occurrence to officers on the ground.WHAT’S THE USEFULNESS OF POLICE JARGON?Initially, police lingo may look pointless or too difficult for servicemen to understand but these s eemingly meaningless terms serve a huge purpose.It may seem that the whole purpose of using these acronyms is for the communication between two law enforcement men to stay encrypted from the public, but this is not so.It may be part of the reason but the primary purpose of making use of law enforcement jargon is to keep the information being passed across straight to the point and short.Aside from this, the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) is big on short transmissions; this is with the aim of saving bandwidth.If huge volumes of radio transmissions are passed across through the airwaves it restricts its use for other reasons.Whats more, these short and concise abbreviations are very important for the safety of law enforcement officials, whether at traffic lights, following up a car jack, or patrolling.The primary aim of the officer should be solving the task at hand or effectively handling the subject they are engaging with, without having to spend so much time trying to aler t other officers on whats happening.To elaborate some more, in 2016, 56 law enforcement officers in the United States were killed in the line of duty, with 26 of them killed by gunfire.This shows what officers have to deal with on a daily basis.In the line of fire, every second matters and these codes can help an officer quickly get information about a situation before it gets worse.As far as security matters are concerned, every single second and minute counts and the sooner the right information is passed to the right person, the higher the chances of lives being saved.In the United States, for every one million civilian, there are a hundred thousand police officers and in order to ensure smooth operations with such a huge difference ratio, law enforcement agents must be able to communicate quickly and efficiently with each other and this communication is most effective through codes. Source: PSMagWHAT IS THE TRANSMISSION PROCESS TO LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS?Ever been driving or in traffic somewhere and you suddenly see a police vehicle speed passed you with its siren blaring and lights flashing?If youre like most people, youve probably thought about how they all knew where to go and where they were going at the same time.Thats actually a valid train of thought because someone sent them there and informed them they were needed in that particular location, most times, urgently, which is why they zoom past like that.Often times, it was a police dispatcher who directed them to that location. Police dispatchers are extremely important to the law enforcement agency.They may be overlooked most times but are a vital aspect to the success of police officers in the field.WHO TRANSMITS DISTRESS CALLS TO POLICE OFFICERS?As we saw above police dispatchers are responsible for passing across distress calls to the officers on patrol.Do not be mistaken, as easy as sending short po lice jargon acronyms to other law enforcement servicemen sounds, it can be very stressful.More often, dispatchers also double as 911 operators, this entails receiving distress calls and then dispatching officers to the location of the call using concise terms.Dispatchers usually receive the first contact with the distressed persons before other law enforcement agents do. This is why using short codes or lingo is essential.Most times the cause of call could be extremely urgent and trying to pass the information regularly to police officers around that location could slow the response time down.There are many kinds of lingos, slangs and acronyms used by law enforcement agents, but for the sake of this article, we will be examining a common police jargon known as BOLO.Im pretty sure you must have heard this word being used by police officers and you have wondered what on earth a BOLO is.Here is what BOLO is not, BOLO is not a new weapon used by the police neither is it the name of a ne w software used by law enforcement agents. What then is BOLO?MEANING OF BOLOBOLO is an acronym for “Be on the Lookout”.It’s majorly used by law enforcement agents to send information to officers in other parts of a city or country to be on the lookout for a fugitive, criminal or law offender that is on the run.It could also be used for missing persons or stolen items.When an officer calls another and says “BOLO for a blonde man driving a red SUV with a shattered windscreen”, what the message simply means is the receiver of the call should be on the Lookout for any blonde man driving a red SUV with a broken windscreen.It could probably be that the blonde man caused an accident and he fled the accident scene or that he was involved in a shootout with the police and he is on the run.Once the police officer receives the call, he starts paying attention to every car that passes by him especially if it is a red vehicle and once he identifies the car, he can flag it down and have the driver arrested or call for backup if there is a need for backup.Most often a BOLO signal is sent to many officers at a time.If a crime is committed and the culprit is on the run, all cops in the city and the ones at the different entry and exit points of the city including airports, seaports, train and bus station etc are alerted and they all swing into action to make sure that the criminal is caught.UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCE IS A BOLO ISSUED?A BOLO is issued mostly in a situation where there is a criminal on the run from law enforcement agents.Most times people break the law and instead of paying for the offense, they try to play smart and send the police on a wild goose chase after them.It could be that there was an officer that witnessed the crime and could not arrest the criminal because he was overpowered or the crime was reported via a 911 call and the description of the culprit was given.Once the law enforcement agents get this report, they swing into action immediately a nd send a message to all their men stationed at the different corners of the city to be on the Lookout for the criminal.A BOLO can be issued for a serial rapist or killer, a kidnapper, a robber, a gang of thieves, members of a drug cartel, smugglers, traffickers, and even drunk drivers.There is no specific crime that a person has to commit before a BOLO is issued on him, as far as the person is considered a threat to the society or they’re absconding from paying for his offense, a BOLO is placed on him to make sure he is arrested.A BOLO can also be issued on a person that is missing. When people get missing and their families cant get in touch with them to know their whereabouts and safety, a report is made to the cops and a BOLO is sent out to other officers to be on the lookout for the missing person.This will help in finding the missing person fast, it could be that the person was involved in an accident and didnt have an ID on him for identification or he was kidnapped or mugg ed.Whatever the circumstance surrounding the disappearance may be, once a BOLO is issued the person will easily be found.A BOLO could also be issued on a missing or stolen item.For example if someones car got hijacked or stolen from him, he can call the police and alert them immediately that his car just got stolen from him, he will describe the car and the direction in which the thieves went.After the law enforcement agents receive the complaint, they signal their men along that route to be on the lookout for the car of the man so that the car can be recovered and the thieves apprehended.WHAT DOES A BOLO CALL ENTAIL?When a BOLO call is made concerning a person or an object it isnt a sketchy and summarized call it is rather very descriptive.This is because, for whatever or whoever it is to be apprehended by the cops, they have to know exactly what they are looking for so that they do not end up arresting the wrong person.When a person calls to report a crime, he is expected to give as many details as he can remember of the criminals to help the police lay hold on the criminal without much stress.The same is applicable when a “Be on the Lookout” order is issued.If what is being looked for is a person, the BOLO description will include the physical features of the person and his appearance such as:His/Her race or skin color (could be an Asian, a Caucasian, an African, or an Arab etc).His/Her hair color (blonde, brunette, grey, dyed etc).His/ her  height   and weight (it could be an  estimation, since the reporter of the crime may not have so many details he could say about 5 feet tall or any other height estimation)Gender (Male or female)Description of the clothing. The caller has to describe the clothing the person is wearing. This description includes the type of clothing if it is shorts, pants, dress, jumpsuit etc. The color of the clothing is also important. Every single detail about the clothing is important if the criminal has something as little as a handkerchief with him or a ring on a finger it should also be included in the clothing description.Means of transport used by the offender: a car, motorcycle etc and the description of the means.If it is an object that is missing say a vehicle, the description also has to be detailed.If its a vehicle the following description will be provided for easy identification:The manufacturer of the car. For example a Cadillac, Toyota, Mercedes, Ford etc.The model and year of the car.The color of the car.The license plate number of the car.Other unique details on the car such as a sticker, the type of rims used on the tire, a damage on the car etc.All these information is necessary so that the particular person or item is found without any mix-up.A vague BOLO usually gives the officers a tough time because it is easy for them to identify the person or item if the details are elaborate.When reporting a crime to the police or to 911 ensure you give all the details you know, this will make the ir job easier.That is why you find cops on crime scenes trying to get information from the eye witness of the crime, the more information they have, the closer they get to apprehend the suspect.Despite the fact that a BOLO is descriptive, it is also meant to be short and straight to the point.IMPORTANCE OF BOLOWithout being told, you can already tell that BOLO is very beneficial to law enforcement agencies.If it wasnt important or helpful, it would have probably been ditched a long time ago.Let’s see some of the importance of BOLO:1. BOLO Facilitates the Apprehending of CriminalsCrime is on the increase on a daily basis and the best way law enforcement agents can ensure that every criminal pays for his crime is by making sure that he is arrested.A survey by the FBI carried out in 2016 showed that about 1.2 million violent crimes were committed in the US in 2016 alone.The same study showed that 64.3% of the reported crime was for aggravated assault while 26.6% was over robbery, 7.7 % were rape-related crimes.According to the same report, 10.7 million arrests excluding traffic violations were made in 2016. Below is a Pie Chart showing the crime rate and the percentage of each crime Source: FBIYou can agree with me that this is a very huge figure.You may be wondering how the police were able to make all these arrests, a major percentage of these arrests were made based on BOLO alerts.If not for BOLO the figures would have been increased by a greater percentage.2. BOLO Helps the Law Enforcement Agents Not to Make Wrong ArrestsWhen a crime is committed, there are many suspects, but the fact that someone is a suspect doesnt make him guilty of the offense.A BOLO call placed with the appropriate description of the culprit will help the cops to get the exact person.The reason why innocent people are arrested sometimes is because the cops dont have specific evidence that will link them to the offender and so they end up picking the wrong people.Research carried out by Aizman Law firm with information from the Michigan registry showed that at least 4.1 percent of all the defendants that had been sentenced to death were innocent.According to the report, since the 1970s m ore than 8000 people who had been put on the death row were falsely convicted.Below is a graph showing the exoneration of wrongfully accused persons on a yearly basis based on the data from the Michigan registry. Source: AizmanlawIf there was an accurate BOLO issued out with the exact description of the offender, these innocent people wouldnt have had to pay for offences they didnt commit.3. A BOLO Can Help in the Arrest of a Defaulting Officer Who is on the RunBy sending a signal to the other cops, the defaulting cop wont be able to infiltrate the system and get away with the crime.Sometimes, police officers are also guilty of committing offenses and if the eyewitness of the crime doesnt call 911 immediately to report the cop may get away with it and actually fool the entire police force into not suspecting that he is the criminal.Some cops have been convicted of crimes they committed while they were off duty.Below is a chart showing the data of cops that have been arrested due to committing offenses between the years 2005 to 2011. Source: Washington PostMost of them didnt commit the crime while on duty or wearing their uniform but with the accurate description from one or two eyewitnesses, the defaulting cop was caught.In a case like that, a BOLO is sent to his/her other colleagues and he/she is arrested immediately before further harm is done.4. A BOLO Can Be Used to Alert Members of the PublicIn some cases, a BOLO is placed for the public, warning them to be on the lookout for a dangerous criminal that is on the run.This information can be passed via a broadcast or through newspaper or magazine publication.This will help to keep the public alert and make them easily identify the criminal when spotted and to report to the nearest police station immediately.Warning the public will also help to save the lives of some unsuspecting people that may fall victim to the criminals attack.Sometimes the police may have a hard time apprehending some criminals and in order to keep the public safe and to easily get news on the criminal, they alert the public to be on the lookout.This form of BOLO has helped to save the lives of many people and has also gotten criminals that are on the run arrested.For example, if a rapist or a serial killer is on the run and the cops are having a hard time apprehending him, they alert the public to be at alert and give a description of the criminal and sometimes if the picture is available, the picture of the criminal will be attached.Members of the public are advised to alert the police if the criminal is spotted.This is mostly done for serial criminals who have a particular pattern or cycle they follow to attack people or criminals that have picked on a particular set of victims.CONCLUSIONThe BOLO code is essential to help police officers know details of a subject very quickly which aids the speed of their response time.However, this is just one of the many acronyms in the police jargon.”If you are looking for a career in the police force or simply are just inter ested by such unique codes, by now you should be able to fully understand what the code BOLO means.So, the next time you hear the code BOLO, you know what to be on the lookout for.So far, BOLO has helped the law enforcement agents to arrest, convict and charge criminals for their offenses.If BOLO was not used by cops, more than half of criminals would have gotten away with the crime, because criminals will be able to easily slip past officers stationed at strategic points without policemen or women on duty knowing a wanted criminal or a stolen item just passed under their nose.For example, if a bank robbery happened in the center of town and the robbers drove towards the outskirt of the town, the only way the police officers at the border and the outskirts of the town will be alerted of the approaching group of criminals is through a BOLO.Without the BOLO, the criminals can drive past and even wave the cops on duty without them suspecting anything.With the use of BOLO, law enforceme nt agents can now work together as one with the same information, at the same time, to clamp down on criminals and also to restore stolen and missing items or people.

The Withdrawal of Shareholders - Free Essay Example

Considering the many unfavorable results of company dissolution, it can be appointed in the articles of association that the withdrawal of shareholders should be the pre-procedure for dissolution of the company. Only when shareholders cannot agree upon their ways of withdrawal, the company takes the act of dissolution. Therefore, the author suggests that the company regulates in the articles of association that the withdrawal of shareholders should be a necessary procedure before the resolution of the company. But it should not force different parties of the shareholders to agree upon this resolution. Shareholders should be allowed to discuss on this matter, the best result is to form a resolution, but if a resolution cannot be made, the dissolution of the company is employed. Since dissolution of the company is the last measure for company to resolve corporate deadlock, it should be regulated in the articles of association, so that the company can enter into the dissolut ion process and thereby break the corporate deadlock. At the time of the establishment of a company, it allows shareholders to choose their ways of withdrawal according to their wishes and the actual situation of the company. It must be noted that the first approach is the best strategy. Not only does it allow the company to continue to exist, the procedure of it is simple. The second approach may well be a good way to resolve the corporate deadlock, especially for large-scale enterprises with good assets and good operating state. It is a move that can be boldly took on the condition that it does not damage the creditors’ interest. However, this approach involves reducing the company’s registered capital. Shareholders should form resolution on the reduction of capital (it is a difficult move in the case of the loss of mutual trust among shareholders). The company should notify known creditors and make newspaper announcements, but at the same time safeguard the inter ests of creditors. It can be seen that the procedure of the second approach is more complicated than the first approach. And it also involves complex issues such as the protection of creditors and equity price. Therefore, for company with poor operating conditions, non-performing assets and debt, it should be cautious when adopting the second approach in case the withdrawal of one side of the shareholders may result in the situation where the company’s asset is insufficient to cover the debt, and therefore damages the creditors’ interest, especially when some shareholders attempt to withdraw their capital to circumvent their shareholder responsibilities. For these reasons, the author is inclined to the first approach. It has been mentioned that when taking the first approach, it is unfair to force one party to transfer their shares. The way of transfer should be allowed to be discussed. In order to determine the transfer and buyer of the shares, there is a â€Å"bi dding process† that can be referred to in the judicial practice. In the bidding process, the articles of association provide the bids. Within a prescribed period of bid, shareholders with the highest price become the buyer, while shareholders who do not participate in the bidding or offer a lower price have to transfer their shares. In such way, the company solves the transfer problem with a bid. The author believes that the transfer of shares is very complicated. There are plenty ways of transferring, for example, it can be transferred internally or externally. There are many shareholders in the internal transfer. To decide which shareholder to transfer to and the price of transfer can be a bother. It is difficult for the articles of association to cover all the situations. And often the more it regulates, the more possible vulnerabilities there are. Therefore, the author believes that the company does not need to have specific provisions on transfer in the articles of associ ation. It only needs to make sure that the transfer is a necessary pre-procedure. All sides can discuss upon this matter. And if a resolution cannot be formed, then the company dissolved. Therefore, the author suggests that the articles of association regulate the following: If the Board of Directors could not form effective resolutions on matters that need to be resolved, then the meeting should be postponed and reconvened twenty-four hours later. If the board reconvened is still unable to form any effective resolution, it should keep detailed records of relevant discussions and hand them over to shareholders or designated representatives for further discussion and resolution. Within forty-five days after the board meeting reconvened, if shareholders or designated representatives still could not form any effective resolution, shareholders should discuss on the purchase of equity by one side of the shareholders from the other side. If shareholders fail to reach an agreement on the sale of equity, either party may inform the other party by written notice to convene a board meeting to discuss the dissolution of the company. Shareholders should urge directors to attend the meeting and agree to sign the resolution on the dissolution and liquidation of the company. It should be noted that, Article 75 in â€Å"The Law of Corporations† provides the shareholders withdrawal system, but it does not specify whether the corporate deadlock conforms to its regulations. The Article 75 regulates: â€Å"Under the following circumstances, shareholders who vote against the resolution may request the company to purchase their shares at a reasonable price: 1. The company does not distribute profits to shareholders for five consecutive years, while the company is actually profitable during the five years, and it conforms to the profit distribution conditions regulated in this provision; 2. The company merges, divides or transfers its main property; 3. Due to the expiration of the term of the operation of the company as regulated in the articles of association, or other reasons for the dissolution of the company, the shareholders’ meeting forms an resolution to revise the articles of association and continue the existence of the company. Within 60 days after the meeting form the resolution, if shareholders cannot come to a purchase agreement with the company, they can institute a proceeding against the company within 90 days after the meeting. The author believes that the withdrawal situation as provided in the provision contains three parts: the shareholders’ meeting has form a resolution, shareholders who withdraw vote against the resolution, and it is the company who buys back the shares rather than other shareholders. But in the case of corporate deadlock, it is impossible for shareholders to from any resolution. And for Sino-foreign joint ventures, the organizational structure of the company is the board of directors rath er than the board of shareholders. Therefore, provisions of the Article 75 in â€Å"The Law of Corporations† do not apply to the corporate deadlock of joint ventures. Section II Solution during the Event Solution during the event means when conflict among shareholders and directors has already affected the company’s management and operations, the company solves the deadlock through mediation and arbitration. Of course, mediation and arbitration can be applied to any stage of corporate deadlock, that is before, during and after the event. Before the event, the company can regulates in the articles of association that mediation should be a necessary pre-procedure when breaking the corporate deadlock. It can appoint a third person as the mediator. Both sides should cooperate with the mediator. Or the company can regulate in the articles of association the arbitration clause or arbitration agreement before the proceeding, so that it can refer to the arbitration for t he corporate deadlock. Shareholders and directors can also mediate during and after the event to solve the corporate deadlock through mediation and arbitration. Either party can ask a third person to mediate. In order not to be lengthy and at that same time highlight the key point, the author will discuss the measures of mediation and arbitration during the event in this section. But in fact, as mentioned before, mediation and arbitration can be applied to any stage of the corporate deadlock. Mediation as the Necessary Pre-Procedure for the Resolution of Corporate Deadlock It is when there is problem in the â€Å"collaboration† of the company, directors or shareholders begin to take opposite attitudes and act against each other. Mediation can help to ease the conflicts and reconcile shareholders and directors. Life tells us that many things are not irreconcilable. By mediation of a third party, conflicts can be resolved, and misunderstanding can be eliminated. Especiall y for dispute caused by poor communication or momentary impulse, mediation can help resolve contradictions. Mediation has a direct effect on the conflicts. It is easy to use. And it consumes little social resources. Therefore, when corporate deadlock occurs, medication should be the first measure to be taken. The author suggests that a company can regulate in the articles of association that mediation should be a necessary pre-procedure when solving the corporate deadlock, and it can appoint a third party as the mediator.

Runx2 Binding Protein and the Regulation of Osteogenesis

Runx2 Binding Protein and the Regulation of Osteogenesis In the developmental process of osteogenesis, bone is formed, laid down, and repaired in a highly regulated process (Wu et al., 2014a). This organized formation of bone tissue is controlled by the nucleic acid binding protein Runx2 (Wu et al., 2014a). Runx2 regulates transcriptional mechanisms in osteoblast cells, or bone forming cells, that are vital to the formation of bone tissue and to the maintenance of bone mass (Wu et al., 2014a). Osteoblasts phenotypically express certain genes depending upon the differentiation process they are regulated to undergo (Wu et al., 2014a). The commitment of osteoblasts to a particular stage-specific phenotype is dependent upon the expression†¦show more content†¦Studying the interactions of Runx2 and RNAPII with promoters, the experiment demonstrated that 9–10% of genes in the human genome may be regulated by Runx2 in osteosarcoma cells (van der Deen et al., 2012). Runx2 is bound to over 2,000 genes that are actively transcribed based on co-interactions with polymerase (van der Deen et al., 2012). Data also demonstrated that Runx2 interacts with inactive genes that lacked RNAPII (van der Deen et al., 2012). These results confirmed hypothesis that Runx2 is a bi-functional regulator, activating or repressing transcription (van der Deen et al., 2012). An interesting result of this study involved Runx2’s influence on genes involving cell adhesion and motility (van der Deen et al., 2012). Combining data from the immunprecipation and gene expression profiles with siRNA, researchers concluded target genes can be both up-regulated and down-regulated with Runx2 depletion (van der Deen et al., 2012). This result also supports Runx2’s role as a bi-functional regulator of expression in these cells. Depletion of Runx2 decreased motility of U2OS cells (van der Deen et al., 2012). After identifying Runx2 target genes involved in motility, one can concluded depletion of Runx2 lowers cell motility in osteosar coma cells (van der Deen et al., 2012). All in all, Runx2

Why Are Noble Gases Called Noble

Why are the noble gases called noble? The ability to avoid reacting when provoked—to turn up ones nose and ignore lesser human foibles—is largely considered a noble trait in humans.   What amounts to a constant pursuit for humans just comes naturally to noble gases. Noble gases, most often found as monatomic gases, have completely filled outer electron shells, so have no inclination to react with other elements, thus very rarely forming compounds with other elements. However, just as a nobleman can be pushed into losing his dignity, getting a noble gas to react is possible. With a great enough energy supply, the outer electrons of a noble gas can be ionized, and once the gas is ionized, it can accept electrons from other elements. Even under these conditions, noble gases do not form many compounds. Only a few hundred are known to exist. Examples include xenon hexafluoride (XeF6) and argon fluorohydride (HArF). Fun Fact The term noble gas comes from the translation of the German word  Edelgas. Noble gases have had their own special name since as early as 1898.   More About the Noble Gas Elements The noble gases make up the last column of elements in the periodic table. They are commonly called Group 18, the inert gases, the rare gases, the helium family, or the neon family. The group consists of 7 elements: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. These elements are gases at ordinary room temperature and pressure. Noble gases are characterized by: low reactivitylow boiling pointmelting and boiling point close to each other (liquid over a narrow range)very low electronegativityhigh ionization energyusually colorless and odorlessgases under ordinary conditions The lack of reactivity makes these elements useful for many applications. They can be used to shield reactive chemicals from oxygen. They are ionized for use in lamps and lasers. A comparable set of elements are the noble metals, which display low reactivity (for metals).

Order, Search, and Sort MySQL Data

When you query a MySQL database, you can sort the results by any field in an ascending or descending order just by adding ORDER BY at the end of your query. You use ORDER BY field_name ASC for an ascending sort (which is the default) or ORDER BY field_name DESC for a descending sort. You can use an ORDER BY clause in a SELECT statement, SELECT LIMIT or DELETE LIMIT statement. For example: SELECT * FROM addressORDER BY name ASC; The code above retrieves data from an address book and sorts the results by the persons name in an ascending fashion. SELECT email FROM addressORDER BY email DESC; This code selects only the email addresses  and lists them in descending order. Note: If you dont use an ASC or DESC modifier in the ORDER BY clause, the data is sorted by expression in ascending order, which is the same as specifying ORDER BY expression ASC.

Leonardo Da Vinci The Epitome Of A Renaissance Man Essay

Born on April 15, 1452, in Vinci, Italy, Leonardo da Vinci was the epitome of a â€Å"Renaissance man.† Possessor of a curious mind and keen intellect, da Vinci studied the laws of science and nature, which greatly informed his work as a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, military engineer and draftsman. His ideas and body of work—which includes Virgin of the Rocks, The Last Supper and Mona Lisa—have influenced countless artists and made da Vinci a leading light of the Italian Renaissance. Humble Beginnings Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452, in a farmhouse nestled amid the undulating hills of Tuscany outside the village of Anchiano in present-day Italy. Born out of wedlock to respected Florentine notary Ser Piero and a young peasant woman named Caterina, he was raised by his father and his stepmothers. 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Safety, Security, Health and Environmental legislation Free Essays

The SSHE-law is a Safety, Security, Health and Environmental legislation that seeks to safeguard the health of employees and any other person within the premises of the organization. With the changing times and a growing number of hazards within the workplace, SSHE law is vital in regulating the safety standards within the organization. The set codes of practice provide guidance on hazard identification, risk assessment processes and risk control. We will write a custom essay sample on Safety, Security, Health and Environmental legislation or any similar topic only for you Order Now In New South Wales, the NSW OHS Regulation 2001 regulates the safety measures in an organization to ensure a danger-free working environment (Sengar, 2007). This is a very vital law in the current business situation not only in the New South Wales but also in the rest of the United States. The different chapters of this legislation stipulate the standards that should be met by the management. Proper implementation strategies are also vital in to ensure all parties benefit from the piece of legislation (Kidd, 2008). The chapters clearly state what the management should be aware of regarding the safety of the employees. Following, is a summary of the contents of the various chapters: †¢ Chapter 1- a brief introduction and definitions of the law. Chapter 2- risk management at places of work. †¢ Chapter 3- workplace consultation. †¢ Chapter 4- emphasizes on work premises and working environment. †¢ Chapter 5- is about plant i. e. machinery like computers, equipment, tools. †¢ Chapter 6- is about hazardous substances. †¢ Chapter 7- is on hazardous processes. †¢ Chapter 8- is about construction work. †¢ Chapter 9- a certification of workers. †¢ Chapter 10- is about licensing of certain businesses. †¢ Chapter 11- addresses permits for certain work. †¢ Chapter 12- is a notification of accidents and other miscellaneous provisions. Chapter 6: Hazardous substances. In this essay, Chapter 6, a piece of SSHE-legislation, will be analyzed to establish its risk management principles. The chapter obligates an employer (including the self-employed) to protect their employees from harmful effects of hazardous substances that they could be manufacturing, using or supplying. Hazardous substances contain ingredients that are, according to the document entitled â€Å"Approved Criteria for Classifying Hazardous Substances [NOHSC: 1008 (1999)]† published by the NOHS Commission, either carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, corrosive, toxic, skin or respiratory sensitizers. In-House Safety Rules Regulations, unfamiliar chemical is considered as a hazardous substance. It is however paramount to note that this Chapter does not apply to substances such as food, therapeutic agents, tobacco, toiletries and cosmetics, if their use is not related to work activities (Tooma, 2004). Dangerous goods In this Chapter, â€Å"dangerous goods† could mean either goods too dangerous to be transported or C1 combustible liquids (have a flashpoint of between 60. 5 degrees Celsius and 150 degrees Celsius). This is regardless of whether or not they are packaged for transport or under pressure (Bohle Quinlan, 2000). Risk management principles in the manufacture of hazardous substances A manufacturer must first establish whether or not a substance is hazardous before allowing its use at the work premises. This is determination is done based on the NOHS Commission classification. If found to be hazardous, the manufacturer must prepare a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for the substance before the substance is supplied to another person for use at work (Harrington, 2001). There are various requirements for the MSDS but most importantly the MSDS must set out; At least the chemical name of the ingredient in the hazardous substance. †¢ Its chemical and physical properties. †¢ Relevant health-hazard information. †¢ Precautions to be taken so as to enhance safety during the substance’s usage. †¢ The name, and Australian address and telephone numbers (including an emergency number), of the manufacturer. If the ingredients’ names are not on the MSDS, the manufacturer mu st present a medical practitioner with this vital information which would be useful if emergency medical treatment should be required. The medical practitioner should then sign an agreement not to misuse this information (Michael, 2008). Risk management principles in the supply of hazardous substances The Supplier should provide the MSDS to an employer (not a retailer though) the first time he supplies the substance to him and also after a revision of the MSDS by the manufacturer. The MSDS should also be given to a health practitioner. Proper and clear labeling is also a supplier’s duty in risk management. Labeling is aimed at ensuring awareness of the goods handler on the possible risks involved during handling. The label should generally contain the information in the MSDS. Supplier should provide employer with any other relevant information regarding the safe use of the substance, aside from that in the MSDS. R. (Creighton Stewart, 2005). Risk management principles in the use of hazardous substances It is worth pointing out that the term â€Å"use† also refers to the handling, storage, transport or disposal of the substance. A wide range of measures are to be taken by the employer to aid in risk management at the work premises. The employer must ensure all employees can always access the unaltered MSDS. The employer should also label the containers holding the hazardous substance. The label should still contain the information in the MSDS (Thompson, 2001). It is an employer’s call to ensure that substances’ contraindications of certain use, e. g. The prohibited use of Carbon disulphide is spray painting, are not used in that manner. For each employee, in case of exposure to the harmful substance which could pose a health risk, the employer must provide health surveillance under an authorized medical practitioner of his (employer’s) choice and at his (employer’s) expense (Bohle Quinlan, 2000). The legislation clearly states the kind of health surveillance to be provided based on the hazardous substance to which employee has been exposed. A register of all hazardous substances to be kept at the work place. It should contain relevant MSDS and should be readily accessible to the employees. The risk assessment report of any hazardous substance should also be accessible to the employees. An employer must identify any hazardous substance contained in an enclosed system at the place of work such as a pipe or piping system (Johnstone, 2004). Conclusion The importance of safety and security of health at work cannot be overemphasized. Absence of which directly translates to decreased productivity. This has moved me to believe that a nation’s greatest assets are its employees and thus it invests highly in their well-being. NSW, Australia’s most populous state, is not an exception as evidenced by the coming together of various organizations, including the media, to work with the NSW government to ensure the SSHE legislation is properly implemented (Kloss, 2010). The NSW Government works together with WorkCover Authority of NSW which administers regulations such as; Occupational Health and Safety Regulation 2001 and Dangerous Goods (Road and Rail Transport) Regulation 2009. These regulations support the general requirements of the legislation and provide more detail of its application. The OHS Magazine has also assisted in enlightening the public and the relevant authorities where and how to improve on ensuring safety at work (Creighton Stewart, 2005). How to cite Safety, Security, Health and Environmental legislation, Papers

Activists Beyond Borders free essay sample

Contemporary approaches to international relations have been widely regarded as ineffective public policy initiatives based on ideological political agendas as opposed to practical and innovative social activism.   In their landmark book, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics, Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink offer both an insightful theoretical background and a multi-disciplinary guide to achieving progressive activism that transcends the traditional methods (failures) of international governmental agencies and governments themselves. With this essay I will lay out the basis for the book with the hopes of highlighting its strengths as well as pointing out possible shortcomings in an attempt to demonstrate the always challenging effort to combine forces for a common social agenda. The major strength of the book is fortified by its willingness to critique the previous short-sided solutions put forth by international governmental institutions such as the World Health Organization and the International Monetary Fund. Their argument, based on the cultural shift of the 1960’s and accelerated through the technological innovations that facilitate both global and local communicative strategies and alliances, points toward transnational advocacy networks that ‘carry and re-frame ideas, insert them in policy debates, pressure for regime formation, and enforce existing norms and rules, at the same time that they try to influence particular domestic political issues’ (p. We will write a custom essay sample on Activists Beyond Borders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 199).   In this way, they are trying to both work around the existing discourse of international policy while at the same time trying to reform the discussion from within, albeit via non-governmental organizations. This idealism can also be the shortcoming of the book as well because it breaks apart the mythological unified dimension of international advocacy groups .   The nature of the transnational advocacy groups necessitates the fragmentation of a unified group that could possibly carry the necessary force to grab the headlines and attention of groups such as the WHO and IMF.   By leaving their argument based on a symbolic narrative of ‘transnational advocacy groups’ but leaving out possibly critiques against them, the authors unfortunately invite further critique, even from parties that ideally agree with them, like myself. One notable success story, a very tragic one at base, is the example of Cindy Sheehan and her epic battle to gain international support for trying to bring an end to the war in Iraq.   She has been fearless in her fight and in doing so has mobilized thousands of supporters throughout the international community as well as garnering a wealth of complementary media coverage that leverages her cause against an extremely vulnerable an emotionally taxing target.   Her extreme measures and lack of fear have on the one hand created a groundswell of public admiration and support, but at the same time she has run the risk of overexposure and the resulting media backlash by over saturating her symbolic politics. This is a fine line that Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink acknowledge in their research and it is part and parcel to the overall struggle that transnational advocacy groups face in their battle to garner the necessary support of intellectuals, parallel advocacy groups, sympathetic non-governmental agencies, and ultimately the financial and ideological backing of official governmental policy groups that hold the power to enact and enforce the changes that are being fought for.

Biological Application

Question: Describe criteria for the selection of polymeric materials to be used as biomaterials. By giving suitable examples, explain the role of surface properties in biomaterials and how these properties can be evaluated. Answer: Material for Biological Application Biomaterials are used as a substitute material for biological applications. It is a synthetic material, which is used in manufacturing specialized pieces of equipment (Azab et al. 2006). These types of equipment are then replaced with a living organ or incorporated in a living tissue or cell system. The primary requirement for a suitable biomaterials is that it should be safe, economically affordable, and physiologically acceptable (Ramakrishna et al. 2001). Biomaterials are used in a broad range of clinical aspects like an artificial hip joint, bone plates, and screws, cardiac pacemaker, intra-ocular lens, mastectomy augmentation, chin augmentation, probes and catheters, artificial stapes, intra-medullary rod, etc. Material composed polymers are called polymeric compounds (Domb and Kumar, 2011). Polymers are composed of monomers that are the chemical units. Polymeric substances are highly used to manufacture the components mentioned. Along with low toxicity and reactive level, there are several factors like suitable surface properties are also maintained as a strong parameter (King and Lyman, 1975). Criteria for the selection of polymeric materials as biomaterials Polymers are used widely in biotechnology and medical sector, surgical equipment, implants, drug delivery systems, as carriers of immobilized enzymes and cells (Domb and Kumar, 2011).. Before considering a material as a biomaterial, it should be checked that whether the material's characteristics is matching with the parameters of an ideal biomaterial. Surface properties are one of the most important of these requirements as the surface properties can control a devices performance (Domb and Kumar, 2011). Interfacial properties of both device and the material used are needed to be addressed from outside. It is also important to monitor and modify the intrinsic surface properties as the clinical functioning of the biomedical equipment (Schmalz , 2009). The central aspect for a suitable biomaterial is biocompatibility (the suggested material should not be carcinogenic, nonpyrogenic, nontoxic and should not give rise to any allergic reaction). Sterilizable (The material can be sterilized by autoclave, dry heating, ethyl oxide gas, radiation, etc.). Physical property (high strength, elasticity and durability) and manufacturability (easy for machinability, molding, extruding and fiber forming) (Domb and Kumar, 2011).. Clinical problems that might be addressed Newly developed technologies have implemented the use of different biomaterials in a clinical study. High-compliance elastic polymers, synthetic and natural absorbable materials provide the scope of designing new equipment in biomedical sectors (Domb and Kumar, 2011). The phenomenon of designing new materials helps the researchers to study various tissues of human and animal sources. The study can develop clinically useful equipment. Ceramics is also used as an inert and bioactive materials used in clinical situations (Maganti, 2011). The Carbon surfaces have a high degree of tissue compatibility in a variety of cases such as heart valves, dental implants, percutaneous accessing equipment, finger joints and bone plates. In recent years, composite biomaterials are also used in clinical studies. It is a well known fact that all natural tissues are composite (Ratner et al. 2012). Using this principle, scientists have developed equipment made up of composite biomaterials that possess fle xibility and adaptation for blood contracting equipment. In recent studies. It is clear that spectroscopic techniques are used in the study of biomaterial surfaces and biomaterial-tissue interface study. These methods include the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR) and electron spectroscopy for chemical analyzes (ESCA) are beneficial for both manufacturing and clinical follow-up (Maganti, 2011).. Importance of different properties The surface property is one of the major aspects to be considered in the case of biomaterials. The surface property is determined through analysis of both chemical compositions and different conversion processes. Through these techniques effects of the particular biomaterial on the local tissues can be monitored on a cellular level by the biomaterial-tissue interface.The desired cellular response is therefore highly controlled for proper medical implant design. The main aspects of surface properties to be considered are nonspecific interaction, specific binding and surface topology (Ratner et al. 2012). Bulk properties of a biomaterial include ionic bonding, covalent bonding, metallic bonding, van der Waals and hydrogen bonding. The physical, chemical, mechanical and electrical properties of a particular material should be evaluated carefully (Shi et al. 2006). These properties play a fundamental role in determining whether the material considered provided critical inputs to assess the interrelated biomechanical and biological analysis. In the case of clinical equipment, maximum yield strength, fatigue strength creep deformability, ductility and fracture possibility of the device should be considered. Elasticity, viscoelasticity of the material is also needed to be considered (Shi et al. 2006). In the case of chemical properties, the toxicity of the material is required to be studied broadly. Toxicity of a substance can increase due to primary degradation of the studied material. The qualitative study of the material should be carried out in order to monitor the material's toxicity level in a biological environment (Shue, Yufeng and Mony, 2012). The electrochemical properties of the material play a significant role as influences the possibility of the materials biocompatibility. Modification required RGD method can be applied to increase the cell adherence or the cell attachment of the biomaterials. RGD model is comprised of Arginine (R), Glycine (G) and Aspartic acid (D). Functionalized of materials using RGD immobilization techniques enhances the surface density, spatial arrangements, and integrin affinity. This method is mainly used in case of polymer modifications (Shue, Yufeng and Mony, 2012). Plasma-surface modification is also used in biomedical engineering. Plasma sputtering and etching, plasma implantation, plasma deposition, plasma polymerization laser plasma deposition, plasma spraying are the techniques under this method that are broadly used. Through this process, surface properties of a biocompatibility of a material can be increased keeping the bulk properties unchanged (Shue, Yufeng and Mony, 2012). Characterization: Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) is broadly used for the characterization of biomaterials.Using the photoelectric effect phenomenon, X-rays are intensified upon the specimen material. The interaction between the X-rays and atoms of the specimen emits core level electron or inner shell. The energy in these electrons is measured and evaluated. These data will reflect and highlight key information about the particular material (Sun et al. 2012). Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) In these methods a beam of primary ions are used and focused on the specimen. Secondary electrons that are emitted are then collected and analyzed. The mass of emitted ions is measured with this method (Sun et al. 2012). Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) is also known as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. This method is used for the characterization. The infra-red spectrum of the subject material is obtained through passing a beam of infrared light through the sample. The transmitted light is examined, and the data will show the amount of light absorbed by the specimen on each wavelength. An absorbance spectrum is made according to the data (Sun et al. 2012). Contact Angle Method such as Wettability is also used for the characterization of a biomaterial. Other methods such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) are used for the surface characterization of a biomaterial (Shi et al. 2006). Recent Trends The development in biomaterial modification has been highly productive in the past few years. Newly developed techniques are used in clinical sectors that are helping many people across the globe. Currently development of artificial tissue, consisting macroscale and nanoscale features (Shue, Yufeng and Mony, 2012).. Chitosan is also developed as a biomaterial. Computerized additive and subtractive methods have recently used for the development of biomaterials. Now a day, atomic data obtained through computer tomography, MNR methods are also increasingly used. Recently, prostheses and biosensors are also developed using biomaterials to be implanted into organic systems. Electrospinning nano fibers are also developed in recent years from synthetic polymers. These nano fibers increase adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of cells. These materials are used for intimating topographical architecture of human cells (Shue, Yufeng and Mony, 2012). From, these data, it can be considered that developing biomaterials in recent years and the future has a huge prospect that will enrich the clinical and medical sector. Many applications of biomaterials are used in different cases such as cardiovascular diseases, lenses for eye treatment, bone plates, etc. Biomaterials are used as the substitute for natural organic organs, tissues, etc. There is no other way to regenerate the natural organs or tissues. So bio materials play a crucial and important role that cannot be substituted by any other means (Shi et al. 2006). In conclusion, it can be considered that biomaterials play a crucial role in the artificial hip joint, bone plates, and screws, cardiac pacemaker, intra-ocular lens, mastectomy augmentation, chin augmentation, probes and catheters, artificial stapes, intra-medullary rod, etc. There are also some prospects such as nano fibers, artificial tissue, etc. Recently a GPS technology has been developed for the brain. There is also a huge future prospect as the equipment are needed to be enhanced and less cost efficient. Researchers are trying their level through scientific studies to develop more enhanced biomaterials. To produce such material, characterization of the materials is needed to be studied thoroughly. Existing characterization techniques are used as well as several new techniques are also used for a broader range of studies. These methods help to evaluate each character or properties more efficiently, which contributes to modify the substances more effectively. References Azab, A.K., Orkin, B., Doviner, V., Nissan, A., Klein, M., Srebnik, M. and Rubinstein, A., 2006. Crosslinked chitosan implants as potentially degradable devices for brachytherapy: in vitro and in vivo analysis.Journal of controlled release,111(3), pp.281-289. Domb, A.J. and Kumar, N. eds., 2011.Biodegradable polymers in clinical use and clinical development. John Wiley Sons. King, R.N. and Lyman, D.J., 1975. Polymers in contact with the body.Environmental health perspectives,11, p.71. Maganti, N., Surya, V., Pavan, K.C., Theinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Han, W.W., Pesacreta, T.C. and Misra, R.D.K., 2011. StructureProcessProperty Relationship of Biomimetic Chitosanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: Biological, Physicoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Chemical, and Mechanical Functions.Advanced Engineering Materials,13(3), pp.B108-B122. Pachence, J.M. and Kohn, J., 2000. Biodegradable polymers.Principles of tissue engineering,3, pp.323-339. Petrenko, Y.A., Ivanov, R.V., Petrenko, A.Y. and Lozinsky, V.I., 2011. Coupling of gelatin to inner surfaces of pore walls in spongy alginate-based scaffolds facilitates the adhesion, growth, and differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells.Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine,22(6), pp.1529-1540. Ramakrishna, S., Mayer, J., Wintermantel, E. and Leong, K.W., 2001. Biomedical applications of polymer-composite materials: a review.Composites science and technology,61(9), pp.1189-1224. Ratner, B.D., Hoffman, A.S., Schoen, F.J. and Lemons, J.E., 2004.Biomaterials science: an introduction to materials in medicine. Academic press. Schmalz, G., 2009. Determination of biocompatibility. InBiocompatibility of dental Materials(pp. 13-43). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Shi, C., Zhu, Y., Ran, X., Wang, M., Su, Y. and Cheng, T., 2006. Therapeutic potential of chitosan and its derivatives in regenerative medicine.Journal of Surgical Research,133(2), pp.185-192. Shue, L., Yufeng, Z. and Mony, U., 2012. Biomaterials for periodontal regeneration: a review of ceramics and polymers.Biomatter,2(4), pp.271-277. Sun, H.H., Qu, T.J., Zhang, X.H., Yu, Q. and Chen, F.M., 2012. Designing biomaterials for in situ periodontal tissue regeneration.Biotechnology Progress,28(1), pp.3-20.

Core Theoretical Perspectives in Counselling Essay Example

Core Theoretical Perspectives in Counselling Essay In this essay Im going to describe and evaluate the three core theoretical perspectives in counselling, personal centred, cognitive behavioural and psychodynamic I will look at the general theory, the view of the person in therapy, the blocks to functioning of the person in therapy and the goals and techniques of each theory. I will compare and contrast the three approaches looking at the similarities and differences between the three counselling perspectives and how the counsellor in each theory differ in their techniques to counselling their clients. The person centred counsellor needs according to Carl Rogers to have three core conditions which are unconditional positive regard, empathy and congruence towards their clients however there are six â€Å"necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change† that Rogers thought needed in order to get the most out of person centred counselling and if these conditions continued over a period of time then no other conditions are necessary. Personal centred counselling sees the individual as a whole, as an organism that is motivated towards achieving its potential. This is called the actualising tendency† In an aim to move away from the doctor-patient relationship and into a more equal and relaxed relationship Rogers called his patients clients this is very different from the psychodynamic theory which is very much based on the doctor-patient relationship? The person in personal centred counselling is viewed as acting to fulfil two primarily needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Core Theoretical Perspectives in Counselling specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Core Theoretical Perspectives in Counselling specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Core Theoretical Perspectives in Counselling specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The first is the need for self-actualisation. The second is a need to be loved and valued by others. Maslows view of the person is essentially positive and optimistic and like Rogers he believed individuals to be unique and with the right experiences could grow to their full potential and proposed a hierarchy of needs (see appendix 1) which he believed responsible for human motivation. The clients in personal centred counselling have the power to control their own growth. A client seeking person centred therapy might have incongruence caused by conditions of worth by their caregivers as a child, making a client anxious or depressed, in this theory of the client having some unresolved childhood process, it could be compared to psychodynamics theory of childhood experiences affect the adult we become, although in person cantered therapy they do not go looking for the experience as deeply as they would in psychodynamics, they allow the client to choose what is best for themselves. Unlike cognitive behavioural therapy which work on a here and now process with their patients. Personal centred counselling is really all about the client becoming their own counsellor, and the counsellor leading the client to their own decisions therefore the client reaching their full potential learning to become the best they can be, the relationship is the therapy in personal centred counselling. The objectives in personal centred counselling are helping the client to self-actualisation by creating the right conditions so organism values and positive self-regard can be achieved. And that everyone can reach self-actuality by moving through Maslows hierarchy of needs. Personal centred counselling more so than psychodynamics and cognitive behavioural therapy is very much about the relationship between client and counsellor. The Psychodynamic theory is really where it all started, with Freud although today counselling theories have moved on considerably Freuds theories are very much still the backbone of the psychodynamic theory. The psychodynamic counselling theory is one which places emphasis on the past as well as the present experiences and tries to link the past with the present, believing that behaviour was deeply influence by unconscious thoughts, impulses and desires. The counsellor is trying to reach the unconscious mind with the patient were memories that are painful, dramatic or too shameful and often unacceptable to us so we repress them, but unconsciously influencing our adult experiences. Freud thought during the first five years of life our personalities are developing and went on to develop psychosexual development theory where the child goes through five stages, the first stage the oral stage which Freud thought began at birth and went on to the age of one at this stage the main source of pleasure is through the mouth such as sucking for food. The second stage is the anal stage which is from age 1 to 3 years at this stage the child’s obsession and pleasure comes from the anus. The third stage is the phallic stage which is from age 3 to 6 years this was the most controversial stage of Freuds theory in psychosexual development Freud believed at this age a child would begin to identify with the parents of their own gender, boys at this stage will develop and unconscious longing for their mothers he called this the Oedipus complex and girl’s at this stage discovering that they have no penis and struck by penis envy this he called the Electra complex. The fourth stage the latency stage a child goes through from age 6 to 12 years and is a calm period of the child development. The fifth stage is the genital stage where puberty begins and sexual changes occur. Freud believed if the child did not pass through any of these stages successfully then they would become fixated in this stage. Hough, 2002) Freud developed the idea that the human mind consists of three elements of the personality (see appendix 2) he called, The id, The ego and The superego and these three components of our psyche find themselves in conflict with each other at this time he also believed the mind to have three parts the first part being the conscious mind which holds what were doing in the here and now the second is the preconscious mind which holds information we can recall if we wish and the unconscious mind that holds things that too painful to remember so are kept out of reach from our conscious mind . Melanie Klein was highly influential in the psychodynamic theory she was Neo-Freudian and went on to develop object relations theory which relates to infants and their relationship with their mothers or an object off comfort. Her work today is still widely used in child psychology she believed that children project their feelings from the use of playing with their toys or drawings. (www. mythosandlogos. com/klein. html) The therapists in psychodynamic theory are neutral and detached to their clients this is because the relationship could go on for months and sometimes years. This ensures the therapists that the feelings the client has towards them are not caused by anything the therapist might have done the client therefore can project or transfer material onto the therapist which the therapist can then interpret. Unlike in personal centred counselling it would be unsuitable for the counsellor to share much of their own feelings or their own lives with the client and in personal centred counselling the counsellor would never interpret for the client. A view of the person in therapy from the psychodynamic theory would be there behaviour as adults has a direct connection to early relationships and that they have conflict going on within themselves. A client could have feelings of displacement, repression, denial, interjection, splitting, aggression projection, regression, rationalisation, reaction formation, compensation and humour these are all ego-defence mechanisms that a psychodynamic counsellor would help their clients work through. By free Association a psychodynamic counsellor would allow the client to speak freely about all aspects of their experiences and the counsellor would interpret these experiences, as the client relaxes over a period of time, long forgotten memories and connections will come into the conscious mind also the client, counsellor relationship should have moved into more of a trusting working relationship making the client feel more at ease. The interpretation of dreams is also used in this form of counselling the client is encouraged to recall their dreams so the counsellor can interpret them. Dreams and there manifestations are very much at the four front of Carl Jung’s approach who was also Neo-Freudian he believed the first dream the client recounts is often taken as a starting point in the therapeutic process. A lot of Jung’s work was with schizophrenics he developed a theory of personality that was influenced by Freud’s concepts of the id, ego and superego he called his systems the ego, personality unconscious and the collective unconscious. The ego is similar to Freuds ego the personal unconscious is the domain containing repressed feelings and incidents, and the collective unconscious is that part of the mind common to all humankind which he saw been constructed through all major archetypes which are persona, animus/anima, shadow and Self. (Aldridge and Rigby, 2004,p. 46) Cognitive behavioural counselling is very different in its counselling theories to psychodynamics and personal centred as it is very much a scientific experimental based theory. Ivan Pavlov pioneered classical conditioning with his experiments on dogs; he observed that behaviour that could be learnt could also be unlearnt. An unconditional stimulus causes an unconditioned response and when you pair an unconditioned stimulus with a condition stimulus several times it creates a conditioned stimulus which causes a conditioned response. This is supported by Watson and Rayner with the experiment they did on little Albert to investigate if the classical conditioning can be applied to humans, although the experiments was unethical it did show how phobias can be learnt therefore unlearnt. B. F. Skinner was also interested in stimulus response reactions in humans and experimented with pigeons and rats to develop his theory of operant conditioning. With his invention of the Skinner box he observed that the rat learned that when you press the lever he would receive food therefore the rats behaviour was reinforced by food by doing these experiments Skinner developed operant conditioning and shaping behaviour. The experiments of Pavlov and Skinner have shaped the way CBT is used today and unlike psychodynamics and personal centred, CBT counsellors focus on the here and now and not the clients past. CBT is considered the most rapid in terms of results obtained and it can take only 16 sessions of the therapy unlike psychodynamics which could take years. The CBT counsellor’s role is to listen, teach and encourage while the clients role is to express concerns learnt and implement that learning. CBT works on the assumption that your beliefs influence your emotions and your behaviour and by identifying and addressing problematic thoughts you can change your behaviour and experiences for the better (www. davidbonham-carter. com). According to Ellis (1962) most people subscribe to a number of irrational or illogical believes which lead to many of the problems experienced by clients (Hough. 2003 pg. 190). If you have cognitive distortions it leads to faulty cognitions and an unhealthy look at things. CBT will help you to recognise these unhealthy thoughts through breaking your maintenance cycle (see appendix 3) using the ABC technique (see appendix 4) which was pioneered by Albert Ellis. There are many other techniques the counsellor can use to teach rational self-counselling skills, such as giving the client homework, which at the start of the therapy could be for the client to keep a diary of anything that makes them feel anxious or depressed, so the counsellor can examine the thoughts surrounding what made them feel that way and teach them a healthy way of thinking. Like person cantered counselling CBT will help you to become your own therapist. CBT will help you to make sense of problems by breaking down into smaller areas so that you can see how they are connected and how they can affect you. Once the therapy is over you will be able to practice and developed on your own with the techniques you have learnt through your counselling. In this essay I have shown how the three main counselling theories of personal centred psychodynamics and cognitive behavioural therapy are quite similar in some of that approaches to counselling and also how different some the approaches and techniques are. Although the three differ in their approaches and techniques they all achieve their goals they set out in counselling with their clients. I have shown how differently they affect the client and how each perspective affects the client and counselling relationship within each theory.