Runx2 Binding Protein and the Regulation of Osteogenesis

Runx2 Binding Protein and the Regulation of Osteogenesis In the developmental process of osteogenesis, bone is formed, laid down, and repaired in a highly regulated process (Wu et al., 2014a). This organized formation of bone tissue is controlled by the nucleic acid binding protein Runx2 (Wu et al., 2014a). Runx2 regulates transcriptional mechanisms in osteoblast cells, or bone forming cells, that are vital to the formation of bone tissue and to the maintenance of bone mass (Wu et al., 2014a). Osteoblasts phenotypically express certain genes depending upon the differentiation process they are regulated to undergo (Wu et al., 2014a). The commitment of osteoblasts to a particular stage-specific phenotype is dependent upon the expression†¦show more content†¦Studying the interactions of Runx2 and RNAPII with promoters, the experiment demonstrated that 9–10% of genes in the human genome may be regulated by Runx2 in osteosarcoma cells (van der Deen et al., 2012). Runx2 is bound to over 2,000 genes that are actively transcribed based on co-interactions with polymerase (van der Deen et al., 2012). Data also demonstrated that Runx2 interacts with inactive genes that lacked RNAPII (van der Deen et al., 2012). These results confirmed hypothesis that Runx2 is a bi-functional regulator, activating or repressing transcription (van der Deen et al., 2012). An interesting result of this study involved Runx2’s influence on genes involving cell adhesion and motility (van der Deen et al., 2012). Combining data from the immunprecipation and gene expression profiles with siRNA, researchers concluded target genes can be both up-regulated and down-regulated with Runx2 depletion (van der Deen et al., 2012). This result also supports Runx2’s role as a bi-functional regulator of expression in these cells. Depletion of Runx2 decreased motility of U2OS cells (van der Deen et al., 2012). After identifying Runx2 target genes involved in motility, one can concluded depletion of Runx2 lowers cell motility in osteosar coma cells (van der Deen et al., 2012). All in all, Runx2

Why Are Noble Gases Called Noble

Why are the noble gases called noble? The ability to avoid reacting when provoked—to turn up ones nose and ignore lesser human foibles—is largely considered a noble trait in humans.   What amounts to a constant pursuit for humans just comes naturally to noble gases. Noble gases, most often found as monatomic gases, have completely filled outer electron shells, so have no inclination to react with other elements, thus very rarely forming compounds with other elements. However, just as a nobleman can be pushed into losing his dignity, getting a noble gas to react is possible. With a great enough energy supply, the outer electrons of a noble gas can be ionized, and once the gas is ionized, it can accept electrons from other elements. Even under these conditions, noble gases do not form many compounds. Only a few hundred are known to exist. Examples include xenon hexafluoride (XeF6) and argon fluorohydride (HArF). Fun Fact The term noble gas comes from the translation of the German word  Edelgas. Noble gases have had their own special name since as early as 1898.   More About the Noble Gas Elements The noble gases make up the last column of elements in the periodic table. They are commonly called Group 18, the inert gases, the rare gases, the helium family, or the neon family. The group consists of 7 elements: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. These elements are gases at ordinary room temperature and pressure. Noble gases are characterized by: low reactivitylow boiling pointmelting and boiling point close to each other (liquid over a narrow range)very low electronegativityhigh ionization energyusually colorless and odorlessgases under ordinary conditions The lack of reactivity makes these elements useful for many applications. They can be used to shield reactive chemicals from oxygen. They are ionized for use in lamps and lasers. A comparable set of elements are the noble metals, which display low reactivity (for metals).

Order, Search, and Sort MySQL Data

When you query a MySQL database, you can sort the results by any field in an ascending or descending order just by adding ORDER BY at the end of your query. You use ORDER BY field_name ASC for an ascending sort (which is the default) or ORDER BY field_name DESC for a descending sort. You can use an ORDER BY clause in a SELECT statement, SELECT LIMIT or DELETE LIMIT statement. For example: SELECT * FROM addressORDER BY name ASC; The code above retrieves data from an address book and sorts the results by the persons name in an ascending fashion. SELECT email FROM addressORDER BY email DESC; This code selects only the email addresses  and lists them in descending order. Note: If you dont use an ASC or DESC modifier in the ORDER BY clause, the data is sorted by expression in ascending order, which is the same as specifying ORDER BY expression ASC.

Leonardo Da Vinci The Epitome Of A Renaissance Man Essay

Born on April 15, 1452, in Vinci, Italy, Leonardo da Vinci was the epitome of a â€Å"Renaissance man.† Possessor of a curious mind and keen intellect, da Vinci studied the laws of science and nature, which greatly informed his work as a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, military engineer and draftsman. His ideas and body of work—which includes Virgin of the Rocks, The Last Supper and Mona Lisa—have influenced countless artists and made da Vinci a leading light of the Italian Renaissance. Humble Beginnings Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452, in a farmhouse nestled amid the undulating hills of Tuscany outside the village of Anchiano in present-day Italy. Born out of wedlock to respected Florentine notary Ser Piero and a young peasant woman named Caterina, he was raised by his father and his stepmothers. At the age of five, he moved to his father’s family estate in nearby Vinci, the Tuscan town from which the surname associated with Leonardo derives, and lived with his uncle and grandparents. Young Leonardo received little formal education beyond basic reading, writing and mathematics instruction, but his artistic talents were evident from an early age. Around the age of 14, da Vinci began a lengthy apprenticeship with the noted artist Andrea del Verrocchio in Florence. He learned a wide breadth of technical skills including metalworking, leather arts, carpentry, drawing, painting and sculpting. His earliest known dated work—a pen-and-ink drawing of aShow MoreRelatedDefining The Terms Renaissance And Humanism854 Words   |  4 Pages1. Define the terms Renaissance and humanism. The New World Encyclopedia article â€Å"Renaissance† states the Renaissance featured scientific and artistic discoveries and transformations that propelled a cultural shift in Europe after the Middle Ages (2015). 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Leonardo da Vinci is one of the inspirational, creative minds, who became popular even if he did not finish his work completely. C. Thesis: Leonardo da Vinci was the epitome of a Renaissance man, possessing the skills of a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, military engineer, scientist, and draftsman. D. I have done extensive research on the achievements Leonardo da Vinci has made throughout his life. I am a fan of his art. Read MoreThe Importance Of Humanism And Leonardo Da Vinci1114 Words   |  5 PagesAll of Leonardo da Vinci’s work took part in the effort to express humanism throughout the world and affected the world more than people realize. Humanism was an ideal during the Italian Renaissance. â€Å"Humanism is a progressive lifestance that, without supernaturalism, affirms our ability and responsibility to lead meaningful, ethical lives capable of adding to the greater good of humanity.† (americanhumanist.org). Humanism was the ideal of the Renaissance and Leonardo da Vinci did his best to embodyRead More Mathematical Order in the Artwork of Leonardo Da Vinci Essay1171 Words   |  5 PagesMathematical Order in the Artwork of Leonardo Da Vinci A large portion of the Italian Renaissance was an obsession with finding order in everything in the universe. Its primary actors sought to show nature as orderly and fundamentally simple. Leonardo Da Vinci, the epitome of the Renaissance Man, was not the first to apply these ideas of geometric order and patterns to art, but he may be the most well known. Da Vinci used mathematical concepts like linear perspective, proportion and geometryRead MoreThe Life and Accomplishments of Leonardo da Vinci Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesLeonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452, near the town of Vinci in Italy, which resides next to Florence. He was the son of a Florentine notary, Piero da Vinci, and a young mistress named Caterina. He is famously recognised for his magnificient paintings, the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Leonardo da vinci was not only a famous painter, he was also an architect, musician, inventor, sculptor, scientist, engineer, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist as well as a writer. Leonardo DaRead More Leonardo Da Vinci Essay2754 Words   |  12 PagesLeonardo Da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 in Vinci, Tuscany, during a time called the Renaissance. His creations of art and advancements in science not only surpassed those of his time, but have contributed to the fundamentals of modern day technology and are arguably the greatest in history. Many of da Vinci’s paintings remain today as proof of his pioneered techniques, brilliance, and talent. The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language defines â€Å"renaissance man† asRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci2789 Words   |  12 PagesLeonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 in Vinci, Tuscany, during a time called the Renaissance. His creations of art and advancements in science not only surpassed those of his time, but have contributed to the fundamentals of modern day technology and are arguably the greatest in history. Many of da Vincis paintings remain today as proof of his pioneered techniques, brilliance, and talent. The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language defines renaissance man as [a] man who has broadRead MoreMartin Luther King and Two other Reasons the Human Race Makes Me Proud716 Words   |  3 PagesHuman beings are the epitome of contradictory. As a whole we have so many accomplishments to take pride in, yet at the same time we have caused so many tragedies where the means do not justify the ends. Regardless of the fact that we are the utmost confusing race to ever exist, human beings should be spared from the wrath of the aliens because human beings are constantly developing and surely that is something to be proud of. Throughout the genealogy of all human beings, there have been specificRead MoreSuppressed Darkness On The Medieval Mind Map1582 Words   |  7 PagesSuppressed Darkness on the Medieval Mind Map William Manchester’s A World Lit Only By Fire: The Medieval Mind and the Renaissance unveils an in- depth look at the Late Medieval Ages in Europe and touches upon the Renaissance. It is most well known as the time period that occurred after the fall of the Roman Empire- when the eastern world seemed to have plummeted into an age of regression and darkness. Manchester’s central proposition was â€Å"The power of the medieval mind had been irrevocably broken†

Safety, Security, Health and Environmental legislation Free Essays

The SSHE-law is a Safety, Security, Health and Environmental legislation that seeks to safeguard the health of employees and any other person within the premises of the organization. With the changing times and a growing number of hazards within the workplace, SSHE law is vital in regulating the safety standards within the organization. The set codes of practice provide guidance on hazard identification, risk assessment processes and risk control. We will write a custom essay sample on Safety, Security, Health and Environmental legislation or any similar topic only for you Order Now In New South Wales, the NSW OHS Regulation 2001 regulates the safety measures in an organization to ensure a danger-free working environment (Sengar, 2007). This is a very vital law in the current business situation not only in the New South Wales but also in the rest of the United States. The different chapters of this legislation stipulate the standards that should be met by the management. Proper implementation strategies are also vital in to ensure all parties benefit from the piece of legislation (Kidd, 2008). The chapters clearly state what the management should be aware of regarding the safety of the employees. Following, is a summary of the contents of the various chapters: †¢ Chapter 1- a brief introduction and definitions of the law. Chapter 2- risk management at places of work. †¢ Chapter 3- workplace consultation. †¢ Chapter 4- emphasizes on work premises and working environment. †¢ Chapter 5- is about plant i. e. machinery like computers, equipment, tools. †¢ Chapter 6- is about hazardous substances. †¢ Chapter 7- is on hazardous processes. †¢ Chapter 8- is about construction work. †¢ Chapter 9- a certification of workers. †¢ Chapter 10- is about licensing of certain businesses. †¢ Chapter 11- addresses permits for certain work. †¢ Chapter 12- is a notification of accidents and other miscellaneous provisions. Chapter 6: Hazardous substances. In this essay, Chapter 6, a piece of SSHE-legislation, will be analyzed to establish its risk management principles. The chapter obligates an employer (including the self-employed) to protect their employees from harmful effects of hazardous substances that they could be manufacturing, using or supplying. Hazardous substances contain ingredients that are, according to the document entitled â€Å"Approved Criteria for Classifying Hazardous Substances [NOHSC: 1008 (1999)]† published by the NOHS Commission, either carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, corrosive, toxic, skin or respiratory sensitizers. In-House Safety Rules Regulations, unfamiliar chemical is considered as a hazardous substance. It is however paramount to note that this Chapter does not apply to substances such as food, therapeutic agents, tobacco, toiletries and cosmetics, if their use is not related to work activities (Tooma, 2004). Dangerous goods In this Chapter, â€Å"dangerous goods† could mean either goods too dangerous to be transported or C1 combustible liquids (have a flashpoint of between 60. 5 degrees Celsius and 150 degrees Celsius). This is regardless of whether or not they are packaged for transport or under pressure (Bohle Quinlan, 2000). Risk management principles in the manufacture of hazardous substances A manufacturer must first establish whether or not a substance is hazardous before allowing its use at the work premises. This is determination is done based on the NOHS Commission classification. If found to be hazardous, the manufacturer must prepare a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for the substance before the substance is supplied to another person for use at work (Harrington, 2001). There are various requirements for the MSDS but most importantly the MSDS must set out; At least the chemical name of the ingredient in the hazardous substance. †¢ Its chemical and physical properties. †¢ Relevant health-hazard information. †¢ Precautions to be taken so as to enhance safety during the substance’s usage. †¢ The name, and Australian address and telephone numbers (including an emergency number), of the manufacturer. If the ingredients’ names are not on the MSDS, the manufacturer mu st present a medical practitioner with this vital information which would be useful if emergency medical treatment should be required. The medical practitioner should then sign an agreement not to misuse this information (Michael, 2008). Risk management principles in the supply of hazardous substances The Supplier should provide the MSDS to an employer (not a retailer though) the first time he supplies the substance to him and also after a revision of the MSDS by the manufacturer. The MSDS should also be given to a health practitioner. Proper and clear labeling is also a supplier’s duty in risk management. Labeling is aimed at ensuring awareness of the goods handler on the possible risks involved during handling. The label should generally contain the information in the MSDS. Supplier should provide employer with any other relevant information regarding the safe use of the substance, aside from that in the MSDS. R. (Creighton Stewart, 2005). Risk management principles in the use of hazardous substances It is worth pointing out that the term â€Å"use† also refers to the handling, storage, transport or disposal of the substance. A wide range of measures are to be taken by the employer to aid in risk management at the work premises. The employer must ensure all employees can always access the unaltered MSDS. The employer should also label the containers holding the hazardous substance. The label should still contain the information in the MSDS (Thompson, 2001). It is an employer’s call to ensure that substances’ contraindications of certain use, e. g. The prohibited use of Carbon disulphide is spray painting, are not used in that manner. For each employee, in case of exposure to the harmful substance which could pose a health risk, the employer must provide health surveillance under an authorized medical practitioner of his (employer’s) choice and at his (employer’s) expense (Bohle Quinlan, 2000). The legislation clearly states the kind of health surveillance to be provided based on the hazardous substance to which employee has been exposed. A register of all hazardous substances to be kept at the work place. It should contain relevant MSDS and should be readily accessible to the employees. The risk assessment report of any hazardous substance should also be accessible to the employees. An employer must identify any hazardous substance contained in an enclosed system at the place of work such as a pipe or piping system (Johnstone, 2004). Conclusion The importance of safety and security of health at work cannot be overemphasized. Absence of which directly translates to decreased productivity. This has moved me to believe that a nation’s greatest assets are its employees and thus it invests highly in their well-being. NSW, Australia’s most populous state, is not an exception as evidenced by the coming together of various organizations, including the media, to work with the NSW government to ensure the SSHE legislation is properly implemented (Kloss, 2010). The NSW Government works together with WorkCover Authority of NSW which administers regulations such as; Occupational Health and Safety Regulation 2001 and Dangerous Goods (Road and Rail Transport) Regulation 2009. These regulations support the general requirements of the legislation and provide more detail of its application. The OHS Magazine has also assisted in enlightening the public and the relevant authorities where and how to improve on ensuring safety at work (Creighton Stewart, 2005). How to cite Safety, Security, Health and Environmental legislation, Papers

Activists Beyond Borders free essay sample

Contemporary approaches to international relations have been widely regarded as ineffective public policy initiatives based on ideological political agendas as opposed to practical and innovative social activism.   In their landmark book, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics, Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink offer both an insightful theoretical background and a multi-disciplinary guide to achieving progressive activism that transcends the traditional methods (failures) of international governmental agencies and governments themselves. With this essay I will lay out the basis for the book with the hopes of highlighting its strengths as well as pointing out possible shortcomings in an attempt to demonstrate the always challenging effort to combine forces for a common social agenda. The major strength of the book is fortified by its willingness to critique the previous short-sided solutions put forth by international governmental institutions such as the World Health Organization and the International Monetary Fund. Their argument, based on the cultural shift of the 1960’s and accelerated through the technological innovations that facilitate both global and local communicative strategies and alliances, points toward transnational advocacy networks that ‘carry and re-frame ideas, insert them in policy debates, pressure for regime formation, and enforce existing norms and rules, at the same time that they try to influence particular domestic political issues’ (p. We will write a custom essay sample on Activists Beyond Borders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 199).   In this way, they are trying to both work around the existing discourse of international policy while at the same time trying to reform the discussion from within, albeit via non-governmental organizations. This idealism can also be the shortcoming of the book as well because it breaks apart the mythological unified dimension of international advocacy groups .   The nature of the transnational advocacy groups necessitates the fragmentation of a unified group that could possibly carry the necessary force to grab the headlines and attention of groups such as the WHO and IMF.   By leaving their argument based on a symbolic narrative of ‘transnational advocacy groups’ but leaving out possibly critiques against them, the authors unfortunately invite further critique, even from parties that ideally agree with them, like myself. One notable success story, a very tragic one at base, is the example of Cindy Sheehan and her epic battle to gain international support for trying to bring an end to the war in Iraq.   She has been fearless in her fight and in doing so has mobilized thousands of supporters throughout the international community as well as garnering a wealth of complementary media coverage that leverages her cause against an extremely vulnerable an emotionally taxing target.   Her extreme measures and lack of fear have on the one hand created a groundswell of public admiration and support, but at the same time she has run the risk of overexposure and the resulting media backlash by over saturating her symbolic politics. This is a fine line that Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink acknowledge in their research and it is part and parcel to the overall struggle that transnational advocacy groups face in their battle to garner the necessary support of intellectuals, parallel advocacy groups, sympathetic non-governmental agencies, and ultimately the financial and ideological backing of official governmental policy groups that hold the power to enact and enforce the changes that are being fought for.

Biological Application

Question: Describe criteria for the selection of polymeric materials to be used as biomaterials. By giving suitable examples, explain the role of surface properties in biomaterials and how these properties can be evaluated. Answer: Material for Biological Application Biomaterials are used as a substitute material for biological applications. It is a synthetic material, which is used in manufacturing specialized pieces of equipment (Azab et al. 2006). These types of equipment are then replaced with a living organ or incorporated in a living tissue or cell system. The primary requirement for a suitable biomaterials is that it should be safe, economically affordable, and physiologically acceptable (Ramakrishna et al. 2001). Biomaterials are used in a broad range of clinical aspects like an artificial hip joint, bone plates, and screws, cardiac pacemaker, intra-ocular lens, mastectomy augmentation, chin augmentation, probes and catheters, artificial stapes, intra-medullary rod, etc. Material composed polymers are called polymeric compounds (Domb and Kumar, 2011). Polymers are composed of monomers that are the chemical units. Polymeric substances are highly used to manufacture the components mentioned. Along with low toxicity and reactive level, there are several factors like suitable surface properties are also maintained as a strong parameter (King and Lyman, 1975). Criteria for the selection of polymeric materials as biomaterials Polymers are used widely in biotechnology and medical sector, surgical equipment, implants, drug delivery systems, as carriers of immobilized enzymes and cells (Domb and Kumar, 2011).. Before considering a material as a biomaterial, it should be checked that whether the material's characteristics is matching with the parameters of an ideal biomaterial. Surface properties are one of the most important of these requirements as the surface properties can control a devices performance (Domb and Kumar, 2011). Interfacial properties of both device and the material used are needed to be addressed from outside. It is also important to monitor and modify the intrinsic surface properties as the clinical functioning of the biomedical equipment (Schmalz , 2009). The central aspect for a suitable biomaterial is biocompatibility (the suggested material should not be carcinogenic, nonpyrogenic, nontoxic and should not give rise to any allergic reaction). Sterilizable (The material can be sterilized by autoclave, dry heating, ethyl oxide gas, radiation, etc.). Physical property (high strength, elasticity and durability) and manufacturability (easy for machinability, molding, extruding and fiber forming) (Domb and Kumar, 2011).. Clinical problems that might be addressed Newly developed technologies have implemented the use of different biomaterials in a clinical study. High-compliance elastic polymers, synthetic and natural absorbable materials provide the scope of designing new equipment in biomedical sectors (Domb and Kumar, 2011). The phenomenon of designing new materials helps the researchers to study various tissues of human and animal sources. The study can develop clinically useful equipment. Ceramics is also used as an inert and bioactive materials used in clinical situations (Maganti, 2011). The Carbon surfaces have a high degree of tissue compatibility in a variety of cases such as heart valves, dental implants, percutaneous accessing equipment, finger joints and bone plates. In recent years, composite biomaterials are also used in clinical studies. It is a well known fact that all natural tissues are composite (Ratner et al. 2012). Using this principle, scientists have developed equipment made up of composite biomaterials that possess fle xibility and adaptation for blood contracting equipment. In recent studies. It is clear that spectroscopic techniques are used in the study of biomaterial surfaces and biomaterial-tissue interface study. These methods include the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR) and electron spectroscopy for chemical analyzes (ESCA) are beneficial for both manufacturing and clinical follow-up (Maganti, 2011).. Importance of different properties The surface property is one of the major aspects to be considered in the case of biomaterials. The surface property is determined through analysis of both chemical compositions and different conversion processes. Through these techniques effects of the particular biomaterial on the local tissues can be monitored on a cellular level by the biomaterial-tissue interface.The desired cellular response is therefore highly controlled for proper medical implant design. The main aspects of surface properties to be considered are nonspecific interaction, specific binding and surface topology (Ratner et al. 2012). Bulk properties of a biomaterial include ionic bonding, covalent bonding, metallic bonding, van der Waals and hydrogen bonding. The physical, chemical, mechanical and electrical properties of a particular material should be evaluated carefully (Shi et al. 2006). These properties play a fundamental role in determining whether the material considered provided critical inputs to assess the interrelated biomechanical and biological analysis. In the case of clinical equipment, maximum yield strength, fatigue strength creep deformability, ductility and fracture possibility of the device should be considered. Elasticity, viscoelasticity of the material is also needed to be considered (Shi et al. 2006). In the case of chemical properties, the toxicity of the material is required to be studied broadly. Toxicity of a substance can increase due to primary degradation of the studied material. The qualitative study of the material should be carried out in order to monitor the material's toxicity level in a biological environment (Shue, Yufeng and Mony, 2012). The electrochemical properties of the material play a significant role as influences the possibility of the materials biocompatibility. Modification required RGD method can be applied to increase the cell adherence or the cell attachment of the biomaterials. RGD model is comprised of Arginine (R), Glycine (G) and Aspartic acid (D). Functionalized of materials using RGD immobilization techniques enhances the surface density, spatial arrangements, and integrin affinity. This method is mainly used in case of polymer modifications (Shue, Yufeng and Mony, 2012). Plasma-surface modification is also used in biomedical engineering. Plasma sputtering and etching, plasma implantation, plasma deposition, plasma polymerization laser plasma deposition, plasma spraying are the techniques under this method that are broadly used. Through this process, surface properties of a biocompatibility of a material can be increased keeping the bulk properties unchanged (Shue, Yufeng and Mony, 2012). Characterization: Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) is broadly used for the characterization of biomaterials.Using the photoelectric effect phenomenon, X-rays are intensified upon the specimen material. The interaction between the X-rays and atoms of the specimen emits core level electron or inner shell. The energy in these electrons is measured and evaluated. These data will reflect and highlight key information about the particular material (Sun et al. 2012). Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) In these methods a beam of primary ions are used and focused on the specimen. Secondary electrons that are emitted are then collected and analyzed. The mass of emitted ions is measured with this method (Sun et al. 2012). Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) is also known as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. This method is used for the characterization. The infra-red spectrum of the subject material is obtained through passing a beam of infrared light through the sample. The transmitted light is examined, and the data will show the amount of light absorbed by the specimen on each wavelength. An absorbance spectrum is made according to the data (Sun et al. 2012). Contact Angle Method such as Wettability is also used for the characterization of a biomaterial. Other methods such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) are used for the surface characterization of a biomaterial (Shi et al. 2006). Recent Trends The development in biomaterial modification has been highly productive in the past few years. Newly developed techniques are used in clinical sectors that are helping many people across the globe. Currently development of artificial tissue, consisting macroscale and nanoscale features (Shue, Yufeng and Mony, 2012).. Chitosan is also developed as a biomaterial. Computerized additive and subtractive methods have recently used for the development of biomaterials. Now a day, atomic data obtained through computer tomography, MNR methods are also increasingly used. Recently, prostheses and biosensors are also developed using biomaterials to be implanted into organic systems. Electrospinning nano fibers are also developed in recent years from synthetic polymers. These nano fibers increase adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of cells. These materials are used for intimating topographical architecture of human cells (Shue, Yufeng and Mony, 2012). From, these data, it can be considered that developing biomaterials in recent years and the future has a huge prospect that will enrich the clinical and medical sector. Many applications of biomaterials are used in different cases such as cardiovascular diseases, lenses for eye treatment, bone plates, etc. Biomaterials are used as the substitute for natural organic organs, tissues, etc. There is no other way to regenerate the natural organs or tissues. So bio materials play a crucial and important role that cannot be substituted by any other means (Shi et al. 2006). In conclusion, it can be considered that biomaterials play a crucial role in the artificial hip joint, bone plates, and screws, cardiac pacemaker, intra-ocular lens, mastectomy augmentation, chin augmentation, probes and catheters, artificial stapes, intra-medullary rod, etc. There are also some prospects such as nano fibers, artificial tissue, etc. Recently a GPS technology has been developed for the brain. There is also a huge future prospect as the equipment are needed to be enhanced and less cost efficient. Researchers are trying their level through scientific studies to develop more enhanced biomaterials. To produce such material, characterization of the materials is needed to be studied thoroughly. Existing characterization techniques are used as well as several new techniques are also used for a broader range of studies. These methods help to evaluate each character or properties more efficiently, which contributes to modify the substances more effectively. References Azab, A.K., Orkin, B., Doviner, V., Nissan, A., Klein, M., Srebnik, M. and Rubinstein, A., 2006. Crosslinked chitosan implants as potentially degradable devices for brachytherapy: in vitro and in vivo analysis.Journal of controlled release,111(3), pp.281-289. Domb, A.J. and Kumar, N. eds., 2011.Biodegradable polymers in clinical use and clinical development. John Wiley Sons. King, R.N. and Lyman, D.J., 1975. Polymers in contact with the body.Environmental health perspectives,11, p.71. Maganti, N., Surya, V., Pavan, K.C., Theinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Han, W.W., Pesacreta, T.C. and Misra, R.D.K., 2011. StructureProcessProperty Relationship of Biomimetic Chitosanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: Biological, Physicoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Chemical, and Mechanical Functions.Advanced Engineering Materials,13(3), pp.B108-B122. Pachence, J.M. and Kohn, J., 2000. Biodegradable polymers.Principles of tissue engineering,3, pp.323-339. Petrenko, Y.A., Ivanov, R.V., Petrenko, A.Y. and Lozinsky, V.I., 2011. Coupling of gelatin to inner surfaces of pore walls in spongy alginate-based scaffolds facilitates the adhesion, growth, and differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells.Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine,22(6), pp.1529-1540. Ramakrishna, S., Mayer, J., Wintermantel, E. and Leong, K.W., 2001. Biomedical applications of polymer-composite materials: a review.Composites science and technology,61(9), pp.1189-1224. Ratner, B.D., Hoffman, A.S., Schoen, F.J. and Lemons, J.E., 2004.Biomaterials science: an introduction to materials in medicine. Academic press. Schmalz, G., 2009. Determination of biocompatibility. InBiocompatibility of dental Materials(pp. 13-43). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Shi, C., Zhu, Y., Ran, X., Wang, M., Su, Y. and Cheng, T., 2006. Therapeutic potential of chitosan and its derivatives in regenerative medicine.Journal of Surgical Research,133(2), pp.185-192. Shue, L., Yufeng, Z. and Mony, U., 2012. Biomaterials for periodontal regeneration: a review of ceramics and polymers.Biomatter,2(4), pp.271-277. Sun, H.H., Qu, T.J., Zhang, X.H., Yu, Q. and Chen, F.M., 2012. Designing biomaterials for in situ periodontal tissue regeneration.Biotechnology Progress,28(1), pp.3-20.