Overview Of Trocar Insertion Procedure Health And Social Care Essay

2.1 Introduction: This subdivision introduces the trocar interpolation process to the reader. The apprehension of the mechanics of this process is critical for in depth research into assorted parametric quantities involved in the interpolation procedure. There are chiefly two constituents involved in this process viz. trocar or cannula placed on top of patient and the implicit in unrecorded tissue. Due to peculiar nature of the interpolation procedure, chiefly two types of organic structure forces are applied on trocar organic structure i.e. interpolation force in longitudinal way and jumping torsion for incursion. This action can be thought to be similar to a drill being alternately rotated while perforating a stuff block. However, there are other boundary conditions and initial analysis parametric quantities introduced. 2.2 Description of the process: Minimally invasive surgical processs are frequently named based on the type of sing range used to see the country of the organic structure which is the operative site. For illustration, laparoscopic processs use a laparoscope to see the operative site and are performed in the inside of the venters through a little scratch. A gas such as CO2 is introduced in the tummy pit to set up pneumoperitoneum wherein the peritoneal pit is sufficiently inflated for the interpolation of trocars into the venters. Pneumoperitoneum is established through the usage of a usage insufflation acerate leaf, called a Veress acerate leaf, utilizing a spring-loaded obturator that slides over the crisp tip of the needle every bit shortly as the needle enters the peritoneal pit. This acerate leaf is inserted through the facia and through the peritoneum. The sawbones entirely depends on tactile feedback generated at the fingertips to find the proper arrangement of the acerate leaf. After set uping pneumoperitoneum, the following measure in laparoscopic surgery involves the interpolation of trocar/obturator assembly into the abdominal pit. Based on the type of surgery, there may be one or more trocar interpolations to entree the interior organic structure volume related to surgery. A simple conventional diagram for description of the process is given below Figure 1. Schematics of trocar interpolation process [ Ref Web [ 1 ] ] Degree centigrades: Documents and SettingsYongMy DocumentsMy Pictures rocar rocar6.jpg Figure. Trocar being inserted into abdominal pit [ Ref 24 ] Above figures depict the assorted forces and torsions involved in a regular trocar interpolation operation. Trocar is held with one manus for proper arrangement of trocar on the abdominal part. The other manus is used for using torsion every bit good as for uni directional force application. The magnitude of applied force with regard to clip and figure of bends applied while tissue incursion are of import parametric quantities for imitating this process realistically. There are different methods for cannula interpolation: by puting a trocar under direct vision into the peritoneal pit ( Hasson technique ) [ Ref 22 ] or â€Å" blindly † with a bladed trocar with the venters desufflated direct puncture and direct puncture with visual image through an optical trocar. Alternatively, a needle system could be used to entree the peritoneum to at the same time insufflate the venters and present a sheath through which a blunt trocar could be placed [ Ref 23 ] . Harmonizing to the port a rrangement guidelines, there are by and large multiple interpolations of trocars into abdominal part in order to handily entree different surgical sites with coveted tools. Some tools are used for catching and review of the tissue while others are used for cutting or suturing intents. There is a cardinal scratch through which a camera is inserted into the abdominal pit in order to project the surgery being performed on a picture screen for ocular mention intents. The full process is carried out under general anaesthesia. 2.3 Description of trocars and design parametric quantities: There are a figure of types of trocars that are available for interpolation, depending on the application. Choice of trocars by and large depends on several factors such as the type of entree site, debut of tools of proper size at the site including stapling machines, cartridge holder applicants and retractors. Harmonizing to the rule of cutting, there are cutting trocars and distending trocars. Cuting trocars integrate some signifier of blade at the site of cutting while the dilating trocars try to press and distend the tissue without cutting it first [ Ref 4 ] . Earlier trocars integrated conelike or pyramidic terminals in order to consequence interpolation, while the newer version incorporates safety shields and blunter plastic blades. Trocars are available in both metal tip and plastic assortments. A hollow or solid conelike plastic tip is a preferable design. Newer version of trocars attempts to unite design characteristics of both cutting and blunt type trocars to cut down the opportunities of hurt and for less applied force demands [ Ref 4, 25 ] . Five different types of trocars were compared in a publication and perforations were performed on the porcine tissue. A figure of different parametric quantities such as defect size, interpolation force and removal force were measured under standardised clinical conditions for 12 mm entree trocars [ Ref 4 ] . The trocars used were shown in figure below which involve a individual blade cutting type trocar, a blunt and radically distending trocar, plastic blade which is really common, triangular cutting blade type and the most modern design i.e. intercrossed distending type trocar. Figure 12-mm entree systems used in the survey. ( A ) Single blade film editing ; ( B ) blunt-radial dilating ; ( C ) plastic blade ; ( D ) trigon blade film editing ; ( E ) hybrid distending [ Ref 4 ] Figure. a ) Pyramidal blade reusable B ) Pyramidal blade disposable trocar [ Ref 25 ] Figure. a ) Flat blade trocar B ) Non bladed trocar 1 degree Celsius ) Non bladed trocar 2 [ Ref 25 ] It was found that radially distending and intercrossed types are similar in footings of perforations while removal force was more or less similar in each instance [ Ref 4 ] . This survey nevertheless underlines that characteristics of cannula design i.e. ridges, togss and textures are responsible factors for minimising remotion forces. While new designs cut down the interpolation forces, they do n't lend towards drastically improved interpolation consequences over the traditional bladed trocar design [ Ref 4 ] . Besides it has been found that there are differences in defect sizes and lesion parametric quantities associated with trocar geometry and type [ Ref 25 ] . It is desirable that we cut down the affected country of the lesion and herniation of facia caused by the remotion of trocar at the site ; nevertheless it is difficult to document all the design factors impacting different lesion parametric quantities. A more matter-of-fact attack can be to prove the trocar on latest FEM p ackage for failure analysis of the environing tissue membrane and secret plan different emphasis affected zones next to the interpolation site. 2.4 Modeling of trocar interpolation process: The research work proposed in this thesis uses two different methodological analysiss to near the job of realistic mold of the trocar interpolation process 1 ) Interactive Haptic simulator for patterning force feedback interaction 2 ) Finite element mold of trocar interpolation process 1 ) Interactive Haptic simulator for patterning force feedback interaction: This process is a premier campaigner for practical world simulation based trainers for sawboness to derive valuable simulation experience before they pattern existent trocar interpolation on patients. There have been several efforts to develop a needle interpolation based simulator for sawbones preparation undertakings, the outstanding amongst them uses an synergistic user interface based system, which gives the expert sawbones, a freedom to tune different mechanical tissue parametric quantities in order to leave different kinaesthetic esthesiss to the user [ Ref 3 ] . It is really difficult to reproduce the exact tissue behaviour experienced during surgery in a feasible Haptic simulator. Hence this closed cringle method provides a benchmarking expression to set up tissue belongingss in a Haptic sense. Figure. Block diagram exemplifying minimally invasive surgery [ Ref 26 ] Above figure gives an thought about the closed cringle schematic for minimally invasive surgery which is applicable to trocar interpolation process as good. However, trocar interpolation process in itself is non a surgical process but a precursor to the existent minimally invasive surgery process. As shown in above figure, the sawbones has a limited position of the surgical site and force, place, speed and torsion are the active applied inputs on trocar, which are so transmitted bit by bit to patient abdominal tissue. During the full process, the sawbones receives distorted kinaesthetic feedback. The feedback is discontinuous since every bit shortly as equilibrium between applied and reaction force is established momently, there is no feedback force. The opposition to incursion is chiefly determined by the implicit in local tissue belongingss and trocar geometry and stuffs used. Figure. Block diagram exemplifying Virtual world preparation with force feedback for minimally invasive surgery [ Ref 26 ] Above figure illustrates the closed cringle system integrating a Haptic based practical world preparation simulator which involves a practical instrument interface. The interface transmits applied force, place, and speed and torsion vector information many times every 2nd to tactile environment underlying the simulator to calculate the hit sensing with practical tissue and update the force feedback vector. Trainee sawbones feels the fake force feedback through the practical instrument interface which uses commercially available tactile devices such as Phantom Omni or usage built Haptic devices. Simulated ocular feedback is provided through either 2 dimensional show on computing machine proctors or two-channel vision [ Ref 26 ] . One of the jobs faced while constructing a trocar interpolation simulator, is imitating proper tissue behaviour at the point of braking through tissue beds, i.e. the feeling of sudden giving off of the tissue when trocar brakes through the rectus abdominis part. For the finding of proper force profile for this simulator, a through literature reappraisal was carried out to garner informations about assorted tissue parametric quantities, braking force values for different tissue beds and existent secret plans of force profile informations, found in old documents. We have determined that, there are two attacks for obtaining the force profile – plotting of the reaction force experienced by sawboness with regard to clip and with regard to distortion distance. Rendering process utilizing tactile devices has been explored antecedently in a figure of surgery simulations. There are assorted attacks to turn to the job of visio tactile simulation of deformable objects based on spring mass based systems. There are many finite component based fluctuations for spring mass based simulations such as finite component method ( FEM ) [ Ref 27 ] and boundary component method ( BEM ) [ Ref 28 ] . Current research job nevertheless offers a alone challenge since it involves tissue distortion simulation and in writing rendition of tissue cutting during the procedure of trocar interpolation. For the simplification of our research job, during the first stage we concentrated our attending on tissue distortion and non on tissue cutting simulation since it ‘s a separate research job. Trocar interpolation chiefly involves tissue distortion, opposition force to weave distortion, braking force and frictional opposition to torquing gesture [ Ref 2, Ref 5 ] . T here is no literature available on torque measuring and word picture of tactile belongingss for opposition to rotatory gesture of trocar. The literature that is straight related with this topic is slightly obscure in nature such as the torsion measuring and word picture while managing of machine tools and rotary motion of prison guard driver [ Ref ] . Another research paper which is more relevant trades with measuring of torque interactions while managing laparoscopic tools [ Ref 29 ] . Hence we needed to trust on ergonomic mentions for approximative calculation of torque feedback magnitude and nature of torque interaction. For simplifying the tactile theoretical account, it is proposed that there are two primary mechanisms or provinces for grip force and torque interaction of trocar with regard to abdominal tissue. These two provinces are described in the figures below. In these figures, the transverse plane in which trocar geometry resides is termed as cutaneal plane and the angle between this plane and y-axis is termed as I ± , the angle between omega axis and cutaneal plane is termed as I? ( tilt ) and the rotary motion of the trocar around the trocar axis is defined in footings of angle I? ( tortuosity ) . 1. Mechanism for first province: First phase consists of gradual addition in distortion forces in a way analogue to the axis of trocar. As applied force additions, the reaction force reaches a maximal threshold value called braking force after which, trocar interruptions through facia and so through the peritoneum. There is by and large really small clip slowdown between these two incursion phases therefore, it is difficult to separate between the centripetal feeling for these extremums. Please refer to calculate below. We see that there is a gradual addition in applied force ( on applied force V clip graph ) after which there is a plateau part when farther really small addition in force causes the applied force to transcend the braking force value. Depending on local tissue belongingss, there can be several extremums after the first tableland part is reached, and so sudden lessening in force is experienced. This generalised nature of the force profile is verified through several mentions. If we observe the force pr ofile in Ref 6, we see that for 12 millimeter bladeless trocar, the extremum force value reached is about 70 N, while for 5 millimeter bladeless trocar, the recorded extremum force value is about 35.84 N [ Ref 6 ] . However, this research work was carried out utilizing unreal tissue under tenseness, without expert accomplishment. Another research paper that trades with existent extremum force measuring, on human tissue, utilizing piezoelectric detector mounted between sawbones ‘s manus and trocar, has produced a spike natured force profile [ Ref 1 ] . The maximal peak force recorded utilizing a detector in this instance is tantamount to 5 millimeter of HG force per unit area at the trocar reaching surface country [ Ref 1 ] . It is to be noted that the interpolation clip for trocar, in this instance is really short since the expert sawboness have right centripetal standardization which allows them to infix the trocar utilizing fewer figure of bends and with lesser force magnitu de [ Ref 2 ] . However, we observe that after extremum force value is reached, in all force profile instances, there is a sudden lessening in opposition force since the material failure standard is reached. 2. Mechanism for 2nd province: After tissue incursion, 2nd phase prevails during which trocar wall surface is in direct contact with environing penetrated tissue. It is difficult to depict the nature of destroyed tissue and the local coefficient of torsional every bit good as skiding clash. These forces are of import because, during the backdown stage, sawbones has to carefully abjure the trocar in such a manner that there is no injury to internal variety meats. The easiness with which trocar is withdrawn is a direct consequence of these forces and trocar geometry. The magnitudes and the nature of the force profile ( force V clip secret plans ) are discussed in following few subdivisions. Figure. Four grades of freedom of trocar while interpolation, applied and reaction forces during tissue distortion province Figure. Frictional peripheral force along the walls and Torsional frictional twosome at the fringe, after tissue incursion 2.5 Force and torque parametric quantities: Force Data Different techniques are available to obtain realistic mean extremum entry force informations plotted against clip or distortion. One of the direct techniques involve, mounting a force or force per unit area detector on existent trocar while the process of minimally invasive surgery is carried out. Another technique involves measuring of incursion force based on porcine tissue incursion utilizing a research lab device. However there are a figure of variables involved and it is really difficult to set up a aureate criterion or a scope of values for a peculiar instance. Body aggregate index of the patient, age, degree of exercising are some of the factors that affect the force profile informations. One of the documents reported utilizing existent piezoelectric transducer fond regard mounted between trocar surface and sawbones ‘s manus to obtain specific force profile informations for each patient with regard to clip [ Ref 6 ] ; nevertheless upon observation of the force profile, we see that the force profile informations does n't give us an thought about gradual addition in trocar force opposition. This force profile represents a spike in footings of reaction force experienced, which is unequal to imitate a complete trocar interpolation, since it does n't enter gradual alterations in force profile happening merely before incursion. However, the magnitude of braking force for each instance is noted down and we can utilize this statistical information to construct a simulator which allows for different braking force values based on correlativity between patient ‘s age and average extremum entry force [ Ref 6 ] . A old experiment to mensurate the entry force utilizing laboratory experiment uses a mechano chemical examiner which tests the incursion of a stretched alternate tissue, to plot a force versus incursion distance informations. This trial uses changeless velocity of incursion for the trocar and does n't pay attending to application of torsion while infixing trocar, as in existent process [ Ref 5 ] . Another paper related to old work, for imitating trocar interpolation uses a parametric theoretical account to imitate three separate parts for a force profile informations utilizing multinomial fit [ Ref 1 ] . We found that this attack is really utile for readily incorporating a given force profile into tactile simulator, for experimentation intents. However the usage of any such force profile is arbitrary, till it has been verified by adept sawboness to be as close an experience to the existent undertaking of trocar interpolation. Table I clip in s Force in N clip in s Force in N 0 0 1.25 20 0.2 8 1.4 30 0.5 7 1.5 35 0.7 5 1.6 40 1 10.1 1.7 50 Time in seconds Force in N Force in N Time in seconds Figure ( a ) Rough secret plan of Force profile [ Ref 1 ] , ( B ) Force profile after re-parameterization and curve adjustment Figure ( a ) Typical spike force profiles obtained from 5mm and 10 millimeter diameter trocar interpolations [ Ref 6 ] Another important research work performed utilizing instrumented trocar systems against 20 swine theoretical accounts was reported in one of the recent documents by Paserotti et Al. [ Ref 29 ] . The full experimental process was repeated for two bladed non retractile trocars and four bladed retractile trocars. Table II [ Ref 29 ] Fd, entire thrust force ( Newton ) ; Ff, force needed to travel through facia ( Newtons ) ; Fp, force needed to travel through peritoneal liner ( Newtons ) ; Fl, loss of drive force after come ining the peritoneum ( Newtons ) ; Ld, the sum of tissue distortion ( centimeter ) ; Lt, the length of trocar exposed in the venters after the peritoneum retracts ( centimeter ) ; NA ; non applicable ; Td, clip to drive the trocar into the venters ( sec ) ; Tr, continuance of blade exposed unprotected ( sec ) [ Ref 29 ] The characteristic nature of force profile obtained in this research, confirms the fact that there are multiple extremums encountered during incursion for get the better ofing different tissue beds ( facia and peritoneum beds severally ) . After the braking force magnitude is reached, a sudden loss of opposition or giving off of the tissue is experienced which should be efficaciously simulated with the lowering of Haptic opposition during the simulation. Torque Data: Measurement of torsion informations for trocar interpolation procedure, is a complex undertaking since interpolation normally involves 2 to 5 bends in clockwise and anticlockwise waies [ Ref 2 ] . The clasp features and the mode in which torsion is applied is non unvarying for all the instances, besides some sawboness use small to no torquing when it comes to interpolation. Hence, we have to trust on informations from old research work in order to acquire an thought about the torsion magnitude. There are other ergonomic mentions from which we can mention to the industrial class torquing attempts in assorted types of clasps such as power clasp, cardinal pinch and tip pinch clasps etc. There are two major classs of clasps viz. prehensile and non prehensile clasp [ Ref 31 ] . The clasp used for catching trocar organic structure is a prehensile type of clasp ( specifically cylindrical ) and based on the carpus rotary motion and gripping force, variable sum of torsion can be transmitted a t the interpolation point. For the screwdriver interpolation gesture which is about tantamount to the trocar interpolation gesture in some ways, the maximal torsion that can be exerted is about 5 Nm for a feed force of about 60 N [ Ref 30 ] . However a more dependable projection for torque measuring is found in another mention [ Ref 31 ] , for both instrument to organ interaction during laparoscopic surgery and trocar abdominal wall interaction during interpolation procedure. There are a scope values that have been documented in this mention, which suggest that rotational gesture in the clasp produces approximately 0 to 0.7 Nm of torsion at the interface. Besides, the frictional force opposing the rotary motion is found to be about 3 N in magnitude at the interface. A major guideline for design of Haptic simulator is stated in this mention that Haptic esthesis is greatest at the low value of translational or interpolation speed and at the smallest angles of tilt I? [ Ref 31 ] .

The Importance of College Thesis

The Importance of College Thesis At times the outcome and discussion is going to be two individual sections. Your thesis will be dedicated to a certain topic. The topic could possibly be part of a bigger issue or it may be entirely self-contained. Concentrate on the research topic you will develop. The Fight Against College Thesis Normally, a scientific research proposal includes a concise introduction to the research topic, a literature review, and a methodology that will explain the method by which the student plans to satisfy the goals of the research. A thesis involves original research and is an established technique for developing specialized knowledge and techniques that may boost a person's expertise within a substantive subject of study. A discussion of the research techniques that you have used 5. It's possible to verify proposal deadlines and in the event the research you're interested in pursuing is acceptable. 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History of Alaska - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 848 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Alaska has a very interesting history to learn about. It is situated on the edge of the Seward peninsula. Alaska is the biggest state in United States of America and has a population which is least densely populated. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "History of Alaska" essay for you Create order Alaska is a mountainous region and has climatic conditions which are very severe. The Brook Range which is located in the northern part of the state as well as the Alaska Range in the South are identified as being mountainous regions in Alaska. Its highest point is regarded as being Mt. McKinley which is situated on the Alaska Range and its 20, 320 feet above the sea level hence making it being the highest peak of a mountain in the entire region of South America (Colby 7). Alaska has river Yoon as the largest river which flows across it. The river navigates from the northeast part of Alaska into the northwest region. The river is considered as being one of the longest rivers that are navigable around the globe. The other rivers which are navigable and are found in Alaska are river copper, river Colville and river Kuskokwim. Alaska was discovered in the year 1741. It was discovered by a Danish seafarer who was on board a Russian ship among with his other sailors who were haunting for the furs of animals and being taken back to the known world. Individuals in the known world were amazed with the quality of the furs that they were bringing back and this made them being highly sought after due to this fur they brought from Alaska. Due to this high number of demand of more furs being sought after, Alaska became a favorite destination for trading and hunting. The Queen Catherine the great who reigned during this epoch as a monarch insisted on the sailors and hunters to treat the Aleuts, individuals who were natives of Alaska with great compassion. This request but the monarch was hard to keep since the sailors and hunters were obsessed in their quest to obtain more fur from this region. Currently Alaska has individuals who live in its snow plains. The individuals are known as eskimos and they wonder from one region to another while pursuing fish and other food for consumption in the region. These individuals live in igloos and practice the hunter gatherer lifestyle up to this day. A journey that we undertook as a family during the holidays into Alaska sometime back was one which offered me a completely new perspective regarding how individuals live and survive around the globe. This journey was a memorable one and the memories that I created during the trip to this state were ones which I will never regret. The trip we undertook was through a flight to the city of the Peninsula. During the flight I was really anxious as to what was ahead of us in terms of the expedition and sight-seeing of things that I had never seen mattered to me. The walk from the plane after landing made me realize that Alaska was more than the snow and eskimos whom I had learnt about. We had a drive from the airport up to the hotel that we were to spend our time during the period we were at Alaska. The drive lasted an hour since the house we had rented was deep on the Whiteland’s forest. The fishing organization which guided us was R. and W. Fishing Co. This organization guided us down into River Kenai, a region which is known to have some of the most gorgeous fish on its waters. We started our exploration in the wee hours of the next day by heading towards the cottage of the boats that we were to use together with the river guides who were to accompany us I this expedition. On the first day we had beautiful catches of several types of fish. My younger brother caught a 60-pound king salmon fish. I recall that I on the third day caught a 53-pound salmon fish and that experience remains clear in my mind with the all the events that we undertook on the river still vivid on my mind. On the last day of our trip we decided to travel to the Pacific Ocean. Om the ocean I remember we fished a high number of diverse fish. The most memorable type of fish that I recall we caught was the Halibut fish, this type of fish is known to swim up from down instead of sideways. I recall a moment while in the ocean having our yachts being tossed up and down due to the extreme winds that were on the ocean on that particular day. Due to the yacht racking up and down and making the ride on it being terrific, we increased the weights of the yacht by aligning ourselves on the sides which seemed to be easily blown by the wind as a result of being light. The whole experience of riding down to the ocean as well as the river created in my lifetime impressions which I will not easily forget about.

Factors That Impact Pay Inequity - 2331 Words

Assessment of the Factors that Impact Pay Inequity in America Name Institution Assessment of the Factors that Impact Pay Inequity in America The widening inequality in income has progressively grown to become a defining challenge in the contemporary society. Now more than ever, the gap that exists between the rich and the poor is at its all-time high in decades, particularly in the developed economies. Emerging markets and developing countries (EMDCs) have more mixed inequality trends where some countries have seen drops in levels of inequality, but pervasive inequality trends continue to remain in access to vital sectors like healthcare, education, and finance. The degree of inequality, therefore, does not come as a surprise, nor the driving forces behind it, and the possible solutions to the problem are currently some of the most fiercely debated issues by researchers and policy makers alike. A great number of literature points to the fact that there is a considerable discrepancy in the wage structure in the United States. Wage differential determined by educational level, gender, socio-economic status, race or ethnicity and technical factors like experience; in particular, all rose significantly. Likewise, other determinants like the residual wage – that is the dispersion of wage within a skill or demographic group – also increased simultaneously. This growth in wage inequality stems from several factors such as the transformations in non-wageShow MoreRelatedCase Study: Salary Inequities at Acme Manufacturing1180 Words   |  5 PagesWhen it comes to developing strategic pay plans it is important to have a good understanding of some basic factors to determine pay rates. Employee compensation is â€Å"all forms of pay going to employees and arising from their employment† (Dessler, 2013, p. 352). 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Using utility theory, in particularRead MoreOrganization Behavior : It Isnt Fair1707 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the list. The last among the content theories is the Two-Factor Theory. This theory states that motivator factors are the source of job satisfaction and hygiene factors are the source of job dissatisfaction. When hygiene factors are minimal, such as the job context and work setting, job dissatisfaction will increase. When motivator factors are minimal, such as the job content, motivation and performance will decrease. These factors influence different dimensions but are nonetheless correlatedRead MoreAsset Inequities Of Black Sexual Minority Essay1431 Words   |  6 PagesThe Asset Inequities of Black Sexual Minority Women’s Health An anthology edited by, Hull, Bell-Scott, and Smith (1982) titled, â€Å"All the women are White, all the Blacks are men, but some of us are brave† succinctly captures the ubiquitous pairing of women with Whiteness, Blackness with men. I would go further and argue that sexual minorities experience both gendered (maleness) and racialized (whiteness) coupling. Rendering the experiences of those who are Black, women and sexual minorities invisibleRead MoreHow Government Should Spend On Healthcare Is Dependent On The Economic Situation1538 Words   |  7 Pagesindicators: on average Guineans live 34 years less than their Canadian counterparts. Why are there so many issues – especially related to inequality – with the Guinean healthcare system? The answer lies in the impact Guinea’s lackluster economic development has had on her health sector. One key factor is expenditure. There are three categories: government (which goes into directly supplied healthcare services as well as towards national health insurance schemes), private (which is split between out-of-pocket

Memory Management Requirements Free Essays

When talking about memory management, it is important to first understand what it is. When operating in a uniprogramming system, the main memory, commonly referred to as random access memory (RAM), is divided into two different parts. The first part is assigned to the operating system (OS), while the second part is assigned to the program currently being executed. We will write a custom essay sample on Memory Management Requirements or any similar topic only for you Order Now When operating in a multiprogramming system, the OS portion must further be subdivided to accommodate multiple processes being executed simultaneously. This subdivision is done dynamically be the OS and that is what is referred to as memory management. Memory management is intended to fulfill a set list of requirements. These requirements are: relocation, protection, sharing, logical organization, and physical organization. This paper will cover each requirement individually. Relocation When a program executes, it is not always the only process accessing the main memory. There are generally many different processes that need access. And so, these processes get swapped around to keep active processes in the main memory in order to maximize the processor usage. When a process gets swapped out for another process, and will need to return, it is not realistic to expect that it will return to its original location in the main memory. This is where relocation plays a vital role. As processes get swapped out, and then back in, relocation moves them around to ensure that there is enough room for everyone to play. Protection Protection refers to maintaining the integrity of a process. A process cannot access a function of another process without specific permission before hand. As swapping and relocation occur, the likelihood of corrupting a process with another one increases. Protection refers to the protocols that keep that from happening. Sharing Sometimes multiple processes may need to access the same portion of main memory. In instances where processes are executing the same program, it is advantageous to allow them to access the same copy of the program, rather than them each having their own. Sharing has a delicate balance that it shares with protection. That is why control over sharing capabilities is very important. Local Organization Both main memory and secondary memory are organized as linear. This creates a conflict, because most programs are organized into modules. Local organization helps the OS and computer effectively deal with programs and data that are organized into modules. This provides a number of benefits. Modules can then be written and compiled independently, protection can be provided in the form of read/execute only modules, and it allows for easy sharing among modules. Physical Organization Physical organization is the core concept in memory management. To understand physical organization, you must first understand the two layers of memory in a system. Main memory refers to memory that is intended for quick processing, and is volatile, meaning that is loses all data when power is not applied. The second of these layers is referred to as secondary memory, which is slower, but is intended for long term storage. Because the programmer of a user program cannot possible know how much memory is available at the time of execution, and that there may be insufficient memory, the responsibility of managing physical organization belongs to the system. How to cite Memory Management Requirements, Papers Memory Management Requirements Free Essays Memory Management Requirements POS 355 Memory Management Requirements The following paper will discuss the memory requirements in a computer system. Proper amount of memory must be available to minimize the amount of processor idle time while input output devices are preparing to respond. According to Stallings (2012) the requirements of memory management must satisfy the relocation, protection sharing, logical organization, and physical organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Memory Management Requirements or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to accommodate multiple processor events, addresses in the main memory are swapped out and relocated to different address in the main memory. This type of event is called relocating. According to Stallings (2012), the operating system requires knowledge of â€Å"the location of process control information and of the execution stack, as well as the entry point to begin execution of the program for this process (Relocation, p. 307). Memory protection requirements are to be satisfied by the hardware rather than the operating system. The software is unable to anticipate all of the references made by the programs. Read and write restrictions are made to control this area. Sharing occurs when many different process need to access same areas of the main memory at the same time. Memory management allows this to be done without compromising the integrity of any of the data. Logical organization of the main memory is done in a linear fashion making it less confusing when programs must access it. Since programs are usually created in modules, they must be organized for execution in order for the system to benefit from their creation. If organized properly, the programs can be executed simultaneously and everybody can be happy. Main memory and secondary memory are the areas involved in the physical organization of this area. The processor must be located in one specific area in order to access the registers of the system as opposed to the data discs. This set up will ensure the smooth flow of data in the system. In conclusion, all components of a system are set up in a way to ensure the smooth efficient flow of data, limiting the amount of idle time as well as to ensure the minimal of corrupt data. Memory management requirements are put in place to ensure that all system requirements are met and idle time is eliminated. References Stallings, W. (2012). Operating systems: Internals and design principles (7th ed. ). Boston, MA: Prentice Hall. How to cite Memory Management Requirements, Essay examples

Advantages of Living in a Modern Family Essay Example For Students

Advantages of Living in a Modern Family Essay Modern Family Nowadays, it seems that the traditional family structure is disappearing and the modern family is replacing it. The family used to be formed by the grandparents, the parents, their brothers and sisters and their kids, living together in the same house, but now the nuclear family formed by the father, the mother and their children, live in a single house without the rest of the family (â€Å"Nuclear Family†). I believe that some of the advantages of living in a modern family are: educational freedom, independence of each family member and the free choice in selecting marriage partners. In a modern family, both men and women could have more freedom to choose their educational career. For example, after graduating from high school, they can decide to continue their education or not. Some can choose to go to a University in the United States and live on campus, while others can choose to study abroad. Whichever decision they make, the parents would be supportive. On the contrary, in the past, parents could stop their sons from going to school and would force them to work, for example, in the reading â€Å"Traditional vs. Modern Family,† Wan L. Lam explains how her grandfather stopped her father from going to high school and forced him to work in ivory sculpture (168). In the past, parents could also make their children to go into a career, without caring if they liked it or not, and they could even stop them from studying abroad. Another advantage of living in a modern family is that each member is very independent, able to work and provide for themselves. Both parents share the expenses, provide for the family, and also shares responsibilities, such as doing chores at home and taking care of the children. The older children also can work and help parents with their own expenses. In the past, children were very dependent on their parents and were always at home with the mother taking care of them, while the father was at work and was the only financial provider. On the contrary, nowadays, as Papa Aly Naw states in the essay â€Å"Traditional Family and Modern Society in Africa,† both mother and father have to go outside to work and children are â€Å"left to themselves and without supervision,† (173) having now more freedom, learning how to behave and control themselves and taking their own decisions. This writer also says that because of the mother is not home during the day, children â€Å"spend much of their time deciding for themselves,† (Ndaw 173), letting them grow up, become more independent and having the opportunity to develop their own interest in life. Another advantage of living in a modern family is that there is more freedom to choose who we would marry. It allows today’s couples to marry by their own will and not because of interest. This also makes their relationship more caring and warmer, and if they have any children, it would be because of love. On the contrary, in the past, parents would force their kids to marry for interest, especially to someone powerful and rich, regardless if they liked them or not. But now, marriages are different, most of people can choose whoever they want to marry, for example my older sister chose freely her partner and got married because of love, and my parents supported her decision. Although I prefer living in a modern family than living in a traditional one, sometimes I feel that my family needs to recover some values from the traditional family structure, specially the communication between members. I think that my family does not spend enough time together, and we need to learn how to find time to share experiences, and do it without affecting our busy schedules. However, I still believe that is very important to have a good education, be independent and have the freedom to make our own decisions, we also need to keep more in touch with our family and not forget about some traditional family values. .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb , .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb .postImageUrl , .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb , .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb:hover , .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb:visited , .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb:active { border:0!important; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb:active , .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Artificial Intelligence EssayWork Cited Lam, Wan L. â€Å"Traditional vs. Modern Family† In Our Own Words: Student Writers at Work. Ed. Rebecca Mlynarczyk and Steven B. Haber. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 168-169. Ndaw, Papa Aly. â€Å"Traditional Family and Modern Society in Africa† In Our Own Words: Student Writers at Work. Ed. Rebecca Mlynarczyk and Steven B. Haber. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 171-173. â€Å"Nuclear Family. † Wikipedia. 2010. 25 April 2010 .

Newtons Second Law Coursework Essay Example

Newtons Second Law Coursework Essay Isaac Newtons second Law of Motion states that, Force = Mass x Acceleration. For this project I intend to prove or disprove this theory. The fact that the Law has survived 300 years of evolving science provides much of the needed evidence that the Law is truthful and works but I will do the experiment to determine my own set of results.I hope to answer the question:Is there a link between mass and acceleration ?Newtons Second LawNewtons Second Law is a way of finding the force that is acting on a certain object by using the known mass of the object and the projected acceleration and that the mass is inversely proportional to the acceleration.For example, A bus keeps going forward because the forces of acceleration and friction are unbalanced but as soon as these forces become balanced than the bus will keep a steady speed. It is this that I am going to investigate.The Law can be tested quite easily by using a simple test, involving a trolley, a ramp and some weights. The experiment i s explained below.Input VariableI will be using Force as the input variable for this experiment. I will change the force with which the trolley will be pulled down the ramp with and will see what affect this has on the acceleration.Output VariableI will be measuring the accelleration of the trolley as it runs down the ramp. I will compare this to the mass and then I will see if there is any connection and if the law does actually work.PlanThe object I intend to use as the mass is a three-wheeled trolley. I will measure the trolleys mass before using it in the experiment. I will use a 2 metre long runway to measure the acceleration of the trolley. The runway will be slightly elevated so that the amount of friction that is acting on the trolley will be at a minimum. To combat the friction when the string and weights are pulling the trolley down the ramp, I will use a pulley to make sure as little friction as possible will occur. I will also have the ramp at an angle which will produce as little friction as possible. This is important because if I didnt do this then the friction that would occur would slow down the trolley and I would get anomalous results. I will use differing amounts of weights to pull the trolley down the runway. We are planning to do 5 experiments, each with a different force. The first will have a resultant force of 1 Newton, the second will have a force of 2 Newtons and so on. To measure the rate of acceleration we will use a ticker timer. This will record accurately the increase in velocity and then using either 5 or 10 tick lengths we can work out the recorded acceleration and compare it to the projected acceleration that we have worked out using Newtons second Law. The experiment will be set up as shown belowTicker Timer Ticker Tape Trolley Ramp PulleyI think that this is the best way to perform this experiment because if you did it, as some of the class did, by pulling the trolley using a force meter, then it would be quite difficult to pull the trolley at a steady force and so would not get such accurate readings.To work out the results I will use the formula, Acceleration = Force A= FMass MOrOutput = InputVariableIt is easier for a smaller, lighter object to be moved rather than a larger heavier object. For a small object, with a smaller mass to accelerate at the same speed as a larger object with a larger mass, the force would need to be increased with the size of the object. In this experiment, though, the force will be constant, as the variable being changed is mass, therefore, the acceleration will decrease as the mass increases.A list of the equipment I will need is shown below:1. A Trolley2. A Two Metre long ramp3. A Ticker Timer4. Ticker Tape5. A Pulley so when we let the weights drop there will be as little friction as possible.6. String7. 5x 1Newton weightsWe will measure the acceleration caused by a certain weight three times to make sure we get the right results.The Variables* Mass* Acceleration* For ce* FrictionSee page one for variables being tested.How to make it a fair testTo make the experiment fair, the only variable that I will change is the amount of weight that is used to pull the trolley down the runway. All the other components i.e. length of string, height of runway, and stated variables will be kept the same.PredictionBased on the results that we obtained when we used Newtons Theory to work out the projected accelerations for each different weight, I would say that the more weight that is applied to pull the trolley down the ramp the more the trolley will accelerate. This is because the trolley has an unbalanced force which means it will accelerate. The object will continue to accelerate until the forces (gravity and friction) are balanced at which time it will keep travelling at a constant force (speed) until the forces become unbalanced again which will make the trolley slow down.Following the theory that the mass is inversely proportional to the acceleration, I predict that when all the results have been calculated, and placed on a graph, it will look similar to the following:As the mass increases, theAcceleration increases and as theMass decreases, the accelerationAcceleration decreases.massSafetyWhen performing the experiments there are going to be a lot of loose wires from the ticker timer, the power pack etc. I will have to make sure that these are kept well out of the way and will not harm anyone. The use of weights could be a hazard so they will have to be handled properly and not thrown or dropped anywhere near peoples feet or hands. Because we are using a 2 metre long ramp, it will be too long to fit on a desk, I will have to find a suitable place to put this otherwise people will hurt themselves on the protruding end of it.ResultsThis is a table of my groups resultsForce (Newtons)Mass (g)Theoretical AccelerationRecorded Acceleration (m/s/s )11721.50.58 m/s/s0.36010.58 m/s/s0.38010.58 m/s/s0.31021821.51.097 m/s/s0.81121.097 m/s/s0. 70221.097 m/s/s0.70531921.51.561 m/s/s1.20831.561 m/s/s1.19831.561 m/s/s1.21142021.51.979 m/s/s1.33041.979 m/s/s1.30141.979 m/s/s1.32652121.52.356 m/s/s1.48052.356 m/s/s1.56052.356 m/s/s1.534My results are highlighted in redBelow is a graph of my results. I have used averages of the 3 recorded acceleration in the graph.